SCSB386 Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Altman, D. W., P. A. Fryxell, and R. D. Harvey. 1993. Sydney Cross Harland and Joseph B. Hutchinson: Pioneer botanists and geneticists defining relationships in the cotton genus. Huntia 9: [in press]. Biographical accounts of two noted British cotton scientists whose careers were intertwined, together with a documenting of their papers held in the archives of the John Innes Institute, Norwich, England.
Altman, D. W., P. A. Fryxell, and C. R. Howell. 1987. Development of a tissue culture method for collecting wild germplasm of Gossypium. FAO/IBPGR Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 71: 14-15. A method was developed, using tissue culture techniques under tropical field conditions, for collecting vegetative specimens for propagation -- i.e. using only readily available reagents like laundry bleach and rubbing alcohol, and requiring no refrigeration or special equipment.

Altman, D. W., P. A. Fryxell, S. D. Koch, and C. R. Howell. 1990. Gossypium germplasm conservation augmented by tissue culture techniques for field collecting. Econ. Bot. 44: 106-113. A reliable method is presented for preserving vegetative samples under field conditions for subsequent propagation. This method is especially valuable when seeds are not available.

Altman, D. W., D. M. Stelly, and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Introgression of the glanded-plant and glandless-seed trait from Gossypium sturtianum Willis into cultivated upland cotton using ovule culture. Crop Sci. 27: 880-884. The application of embryo rescue techniques are described to increase the success of introgression. Introgression into the BC4 was successful when conventional hybridizations failed at BC1.

Ano, G., J. Schwendiman, and A. E. Percival. 1983. Rapport de mission en Equateur sur la preservation des ressources genetiques du cotonnier. F.A.O.-I.B.P.G.R., AGR-PR 3/11, Sept.-Oct. et December 1983. 42 pp. A collecting mission to obtain seeds of the Gossypium spp., G. barbadense, G. darwinii, and G. klotzschianum.

Anthony, W. S., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1988. Neps in ginned lint: The effect of varieties, harvesting, and ginning practices. Textile Res. J. 58: 633-640. The effects of varieties, harvesting practices, and ginning techniques on the nep content of ginned lint were evaluated in a 2-year study in the Mississippi Delta. Neps increased more with lint cleaning than with harvesting practices or varieties. Two stages of lint cleaning increased the neps in ginned lint from 15.9 to 36.2 neps/645 cm² of web. The nep content was not significantly related to the number of seedcoat fragments, foreign matter, or grade.

Anthony, W. S., W. R. Meredith, Jr., J. R. Williford, and G. J. Mangialardi. 1988. Seed-coat fragments in ginned lint: The effects of varieties, harvesting, and ginning practices. Textile Research J. 58: 111-116. Weather, varietal, harvesting, and ginning effects on seed-coat fragment count and weight in ginned lint cotton were evaluated in a 2-year study in the Mississippi Delta. Harvest and lint cleaner treatments had little effect on fragment count, while year and variety had strong influences.

Banks, J. C., L. M. Verhalen, G. W. Cuperus, and M. A. Karner (ed.). 1992. Cotton production and pest management in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Coop. Ext. Serv. Circ. E-883. This manual contains 16 chapters on various aspects of cotton production in Oklahoma. Its usefulness should also extend onto the Rolling Plains of Texas. Several chapters contain information related to cotton genetics and breeding.

Bayles, Melanie B. 1991. Two breeding studies: I. Trends in cotton cultivars released over time by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station; and II. Reconstitution of the recurrent parent in cotton when backcrossing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. In the first study, 12 cotton cultivars, released by the Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. between 1918 and 1982 inclusive, were evaluated to determine selection progress over time in that cotton breeding program. Lint yield increased 2.3 kg/ha each year under dryland conditions and 3.3 kg under irrigation. A yield plateau for cotton has not yet been reached in the state. Trends were also evident for fiber length, strength, lint percentage, boll size, weight of lint/boll, lint index, seed weight, lock tenacity, and resistance to fusarium wilt/nematodes and bacterial blight. No trends were noted for uniformity index, micronaire, bur size, and resistance to verticillium wilt. In the second study, after four generations of backcrossing, significant differences were detected between the BC₄F₄ and the recurrent parent in only 18 of 90 comparisons, and 12 of those were concentrated in 2 of the 6 families investigated. Results indicated that the backcross method can be a highly successful tool in cotton breeding.

Beasley, J. P. and J. E. Jones. 1985. The current status in the development of resistance to the reniform nematode in cotton in Louisiana. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 23-25. Different techniques to determine resistance to reniform nematode were used to evaluate Gossypium strains previously identified as resistant and to evaluate various race stocks and breeding lines. Visual examination and subjective rating were not as effective in determining resistance as evaluating nematode egg production. La. 434-1031, Texas race stock 19 (TR19), and the day-neutral converted Texas race stocks 19, 22, and 44 were identified as producing significantly fewer reniform nematode eggs than the 'Deltapine 41' check.

Beasley, J. P., J. E. Jones, and S. J. Stringer. 1984. Evaluation of cotton genotypes for attractiveness to the boll weevil for use in a trap crop situation. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 368-369. Field tests were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to identify cotton genotypes that were more attractive to the boll weevil than common commercial varieties. More attractive genotypes could be used in a trap cropping system. Based on a combination of weevil damaged squares and fruiting rate, La. E76C-3, La. 1363 Lsne, TX CAMD 21-S-81, and CAMD E were significantly more attractive to boll weevils than the check variety, Stoneville 213.

Bergey, D. R., D. M. Stelly, H. J. Price, and T. D. McKnight. 1989. In situ hybridization of biotinylated DNA probes to cotton meiotic chromosomes. Stain Tech. V. 64, pp. 25-27. A modified procedure for in situ hybridization of biotinylated probes to meiotic chromosomes of cotton was developed with high retention of squashed cells on slides, preservation of acid-fixed chromosome morphology, exceptionally low levels of background precipitate at nonspecific hybridization sites and improved photomicrographic recording. Salient features of the techniques include pretreatment of slides before squashing, cold storage of squash preparations, and use of interference filters for distinguishing precipitate from chromatin. A cloned 18S/28S ribosomal DNA fragment from soybean was biotinylated via nick-translation and hybridization to microsporocyte meiotic chromosomes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. hirsutum L. x G. barbadense L.). Enzymatically formed precipitate from streptavidin-bound peroxidase marked the in situ hybridization. Three pairs of ISH sites were detected.

Bhat, M. G., R. J. Kohel, and D. W. Altman. 1990. A study on host plant resistance to bollworms (Heliothis spp.) in cotton using tissue isogenic lines. J. Cotton Res. Dev. 3: 140-146. Isolines of AET-5 with nectariless, glabrous and okra leaf traits were evaluated for Heliothis damage in unsprayed plots. The combination of all three traits gave the highest degree of protection and the normal parent the least. Green boll damage showed the greatest differential response.

Bowman, D. T. and C. C. Green. 1991. Screening cotton germplasm for Columbia lance and reniform nematode resistance. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf., pp. 551-552. One hundred seventeen genotypes were screened in the greenhouse for tolerance to Columbia lance nematodes. Of 29 genotypes determined to have tolerance in the greenhouse, 11 were field tested and 6 showed field tolerance to this nematode. Seven genotypes were grown in reniform-infested soil and differential results were obtained depending on initial infestation levels.

Bowman, D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1982. Inheritance studies of bract size in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1041-1045. Bracts in upland cotton have been implicated in byssinosis in textile mill workers. Inheritance studies of bract size were conducted prior to initiating a breeding program for reduced bract size. In the first study, heritability was calculated from regression of F₃ plot means on F₂ plant values. Highly significant regression and correlation coefficients of 0.69 and 0.75, respectively, were computed for heritability estimates. A second study included 7 parents, their 21 F₁, and 21 F₂ progeny. Narrow- sense heritability estimates indicated that bract size was primarily additive although dominance gene effects contributed significantly.

Bowman, D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1983. Associations between bracts and several agronomic traits in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 565-568. A low ratio of bract surface area/lint weight per boll would denote a low bract trash potential and may denote a low byssinosis potential. The ratio of bract surface area/lint weight per boll appeared to be positively associated (genotypically) with 50 percent span length, and negatively associated with fiber micronaire and lint percent. These associations would suggest that parents with high lint percent and parents with small bracts should be selected. The potential problem with fiber length and micronaire should be considered in breeding cottons for low bract trash potential.

Bowman, D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1984. A diallel study of bract surface area/lint weight per boll ratio in cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 1137-1141. Additive effects were found to be more important than dominance and epistasis effects in the seven-parent diallel study. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.20 to 0.92 and averaged 0.47, indicating about one-half of the genetic variance was additive in nature. Partial dominance was expressed at most loci exhibiting dominance, and these dominant alleles mostly affected smaller ratios. The high significance of genotype-year interactions and variability of heritability estimates suggest a need to test selected lines over years.

Bridge, R. R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1983. Comparative performance of obsolete and current cotton cultivars. Crop Sci. 23: 949-952. We evaluated 17 cultivars over a 2-year period to determine what genetic improvements the new cultivars had over older ones. The average rate of yield increase from 1910 through 1979 due to cultivar improvements was found to be 9.5 kg/ha/year. The average lint yields in Mississippi from 1910 through 1979 shows that yields have actually increased at the rate of 8.62 kg/ha/year.

Brinkerhoff, L. A., L. M. Verhalen, W. M. Johnson, M. Essenberg, and P. E. Richardson. 1984. Development of immunity to bacterial blight of cotton and its implications for other diseases. Plant Dis. 68: 168-173. Immunity to bacterial blight of cotton was developed by combining several single-gene resistance factors onto a polygenic resistance background. The initial breeding procedure involved backcrossing, with the recurrent parent possessing the polygenic resistance; screening the segregating progeny after each backcross with a compatible mixture of virulent races of the pathogen; and selfing the selected plants. Pedigree breeding with continued screening and selfing was employed in later generations. In experiments subsequently conducted in many cotton-growing areas of the world, this immunity remained stable for more than 20 years. The likelihood is advanced that similar breeding and screening procedures would prove useful for deriving long-term immunity in other disease/crop complexes.

Brown, M. S., S. A. Naqi, M. Y. Menzel, and D. M. Stelly. 1985. Knob-6, a cytological marker for chromosome 6 of Gossypium hirsutum L. J. of Hered. 76: 25-216. A cytological marker consisting of a knob of extra chromatin at the end of one arm of a large chromosome was discovered in homozygous condition in a strain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Uganda. That the knobbed chromosome was large suggested that it belonged to the A genome. Tests with translocations involving A-genome chromosomes localized the knob to chromosome 6. The knob greatly reduced chiasma formation in the arm bearing it but not in the other arm or in other chromosomes. Knob-6 is a useful marker because it is easily maintained in homozygous condition by self-pollination and is readily discerned cytologically.

Bryson, C. T., McCarty, J. C., Jr., Jenkins, J. N., and Parrott, W. L. 1983. Frequency of pigment glands and capitate and covering trichomes in nascent leaves of selected cottons. Crop Sci. 23: 369-371. Frequency of pigment glands, and covering and capitate trichomes on the laminae of nascent terminal leaves of 29 cotton strains were evaluated. Frequency of glands and of each of the two types of trichomes seemed to be independent of one another.

Buranaviriyakul, Sunthorn. 1980. Evaluation of partial vs. complete diallel crosses in upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Griffing's complete diallel design was compared to the factorial partial diallel (FPD) design 4 with four crosses (FPD4) per line and the circulant partial diallel (CPD) design with sample sizes (= number of crosses per line) of three (CPD3) and five (CPD5). Points of comparison included detection of GCA and SCA, estimates of narrow- and broad-sense heritabilities and of average degree of dominance, selection of lines based on relative GCA effects, and relative magnitudes of the average standard errors of the difference of GCA effects. The Jinks- Hayman method of analyzing a complete diallel was compared to Griffing's analysis on the basis of detection of additive and dominance variation and on the relative size of their estimates of heritability and degree of dominance. Computer simulations were used to study the distribution of estimates of heritability and average degree of dominance and the relationships of those estimates between the complete vs. partial diallels. Because of space limitations, results are not reported here.

Burandt, C. L. Jr. and P. A. Fryxell. 1990. A reappraisal of Abutilon reflexum (Malvaceae) and its allies. Syst. Bot. 15: 49-56. A critical analysis of a group of four red-flowered species of Abutilon from western South America.

Burke, H. R., W. E. Clark, J. R. Cate, and P. A. Fryxell. 1986. Origin and dispersal of the boll weevil. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 32: 228-238. Knowledge of the origin and dispersal of the boll weevil is summarized, including its alternate host plants, its probable tropical origin, and its historical spread as a cotton pest.

Butler, G. D., Jr., T. J. Henneberry, and F. D. Wilson. 1986. Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) on cotton: adult activity and cultivar oviposition preference. J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 350-354. In a greenhouse study, among six normal-leaf, okra-leaf paired isolines, one okra-leaf isoline had fewer adult whiteflies, two had more, and the other three did not differ significantly from the respective normal-leaf counterparts. Stoneville 825 Smoothleaf harbored fewer adults than did the semi-smoothleaf or hirsute isolines. When half of a normally hirsute Stoneville 825 leaf was shaved with an electric shaver, it supported fewer whitefly adults and eggs than did the unshaved half.

Butler, G. D., Jr. and F. D. Wilson. 1984. Activity of adult whiteflies (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) within plantings of different cotton strains and cultivars as determined by sticky-trap catches. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 1137-1140. Among eight lines in AET-5 background, carrying all combinations of nectariless, smoothleaf, and okra leaf and their normal counterparts, only the smoothleaf combinations averaged fewer sweetpotato and bandedwinged whiteflies. However, AET-5 smoothleaf and various lines in DES 24 and DES 56 backgrounds carrying nectariless, okra leaf, or semi- smoothleaf did not have fewer whiteflies than the control cultivar, Deltapine 61.

Butler, G. D., Jr., F. D. Wilson, and G. Fishler. 1991. Cotton leaf trichomes and populations of Empoasca lybica (Homoptera:Cicadellidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae). Plant Prot. 10: 461-464. Leafhopper (Empoasca lybica) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) populations were observed on 31 cotton entries planted at Bet She'an, Israel. Leafhopper populations decreased while whitefly populations increased as the number of leaf trichomes increased. Various management strategies to deal with this dilemma are discussed.

Butler, G. D., Jr., F. D. Wilson, and T. J. Henneberry. 1985. Cotton leaf crumple virus disease in Okra-leaf and normal-leaf cottons. J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 1500-1502. Cotton crumple leaf virus is transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly. Five normal-leaf cultivars and their okra-leaf isolines were infected as seedlings. Infected plants were 25 percent shorter, produced 47 percent fewer bolls, and 50 percent lower seedcotton yields than the control plants. Disease symptoms were expressed less in two okra-leaf isolines, but yields were not higher than in the respective normal-leaf cultivars.

Calhoun, D. Steve. 1993. Near-term contribution of plant resistance to cotton pest management in S. A. Harrison (ed.). Proc. La. Assn. Agron., Alexandria, LA, 10-12 Mar. 1992. LA State Univ. [in press]. The effects of various morphological and physiological traits (including reduced pubescence, nectariless, frego bract, high flower bud gossypol gland density, and early maturity) on insect damage are reviewed, and current or experimental varieties expressing those traits are listed. Data from field tests of Bt cottons in Louisiana are presented. Resistance to root-knot nematode in experimental strains and 'Stoneville LA887' is also discussed.

Calhoun, D. S., J. E. Jones. E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, B. R. Leonard, S. H. Moore, and W. Aguillard. 1992. Breeding insect resistant cottons for Louisiana. Louisiana Agric. 35: 20-22. Long-term performance of four experimental insect resistant strains is presented. Strains included LA850082 (frego bract, nectariless), LA850075 [frego bract, high flower bud gossypol gland density (HG)], LA870210 (HG), and LA870222 (HG). With the exception of LA850075 compared to 'DES 119,' these strains yielded from 6 to 16 percent more lint than 'Deltapine 41' (DP41) and DES 119, averaged over from 12 to 34 tests. The frego bract strains suffered less than half as much bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage, and less than one-third as much boll weevil damage as DP41. LA870210 and LA870222 suffered 33 and 25 percent less BW/TBW damage than did DP41.

Cathey, G. W. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1988. Cotton response to planting date and mepiquat chloride. Agron. J. 80: 463-466. The response of five cultivars at three planting dates to mepiquat chloride (MC) was measured in 1982, 1983, and 1984 at Stoneville, MS. For yield and fiber properties, no major interaction for cultivar x planting date or cultivar x MC interaction was detected. However, an MC x planting date interaction was evident. MC caused a 4.5 percent reduction in lint yield from the mid-April plantings, and 5.4 and 12.7 percent yield increase for the early-May and late-May plantings, respectively. These studies indicated that MC application would be most beneficial in late-planted cotton, which tends to produce more vegetative growth than earlier plantings.

Chan, B. G., A. C. Waiss, Jr., V. Sevacharian, F. D. Wilson, and B. W. George. 1982. Allelochemical inhibition of larval growth of pink bollworm. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 133-135. Antibiotic activity on the larval growth of pink bollworm was found in non-polar and polar extracts of carpel walls from 14-day-old bolls of Gossypium arboreum var. sanguineum. This activity was attributed to the presence of terpene aldehydes in the boll glands.

Chan, B. G. and F. D. Wilson. 1988. A new coumarin in cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 106-107. A new coumarin, scoparone [6,7-dimethoxycoumarin], was found in ammonia-stressed Pima cotton stems along with scopoletin which had been discovered previously. Neither compound showed biological activity against pink bollworm or cotton bollworm.

Chan, B. G., F. D. Wilson, N. Mahoney, and M. J. Lukefahr. 1988. A holistic approach to study HPR in cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 100-105. The Heliothis complex overcomes cotton allelochemical defense because: (1) neonate larvae feed on floral primordial tissue, containing little secondary plant products; (2) larvae become more tolerant as they grow older; (3) larvae have the ability to recover rapidly from the ill effects of allelochemicals. Allelochemicals, in order to be more effective, must be turned on earlier so as to be available at feeding sites of the younger, more susceptible larvae.

Cherry, J. P., R. J. Kohel, L. A. Jones, and W. H. Powell. 1986. Food and feeding quality of cottonseed. Cotton Physiol. No. 1. Sec. V., Special Topics, Ch. 37, pp. 557-595. A comprehensive review of research on the use and potential use of cottonseed in food and feed applications.

Cornish, K., J. W. Radin, E. L. Turcotte, Z. Lu, and E. Zeiger. 1991. Enhanced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) bred for increased yield. Plant Physiol. 97: 484-489. Gas exchange properties of six Pima cotton lines that differ in yield response to heat stress indicated that selection for high yield has been accompanied by increased photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance, and altered diurnal regulations of photosynthesis.

Culp, T. W. 1981. Lint yield and fiber quality improvements in PD lines of upland cotton. South Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1081. Eight experimental lines of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with unusual combinations of lint yield, fiber, and spinning properties were developed. Most lines produced lint yield equal to or superior to the commercial check cultivars, Coker 201, Coker 310, and SC-1. Several of the high-yielding lines were superior to SC-1 and PD 2165 in fiber and yarn strength and resistance to the fusarium wilt-rootknot nematode complex. PD 4548 has an unusually high lint percentage, uniformity ratio, and wide adaptation for a high-strength cotton.

Culp, T. W. 1981. Registration of Pee Dee 4548 germplasm line of cotton. Crop Sci. 21: 992. Pee Dee 4548, an improved germplasm line of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was released by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station in 1981. Pee Dee 4548 possesses high yield potential, high fiber and yarn strength, unusually high lint percentage, and wide adaptation.

Culp, T. W. 1982. The present state of the art and science of cotton breeding for fiber quality. p. 99-111. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Las Vegas, NV. 3-7 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. The history, importance, inheritance, and breeding methods to improve fiber quality were summarized. Breeding for both improved lint yield and fiber quality in the Pee Dee cotton breeding program is summarized. The importance of linkage versus pleitropy in the negative genetic correlation between lint yield and fiber strength is discussed.

Culp, T. W. 1985. Lectures presented to Chinese researchers at the Cotton Research Institute, Anyang (Henan Province), Peoples Republic of China in September 1984. Publ. by USDA NTIS (National Technical Information System). Results of an academic exchange on germplasm development between U.S. and Chinese researchers are summarized. Topics include cotton production history in the U.S., breeding cotton for yield, fiber quality, and insect resistance, hybrid cotton, influence of yield components on lint yield of high fiber strength cotton, maintenance of varieties, and the effect of planting date and cultivar on late-season insects and yield of cotton.

Culp, T. W. and C. C. Green. 1988. Some considerations in the development of cottons with extra-fiber strength. p. 131-133. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., New Orleans, LA. 3-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. A simple breeding method of pedigree selection for high yield and fiber strength in populations derived from crossing PD germplasm with commercial cultivars produced 11 superior genotypes. Comparison of progeny from crosses between current and obsolete PD parents suggest that genetic linkages between lint yield and fiber strength have been broken. Crosses of Chinese and PD cottons failed to produce selections equivalent to the cultivars PD-1 or PD-3 in fiber quality. Breeding procedures other than single crosses followed by pedigree selection will be necessary to simultaneously improve lint yield and fiber quality in populations derived from PD germplasm and highly diverse upland cottons.

Culp, T. W. and R. F. Moore. 1987. Performance of Chinese and U.S. cottons. p. 115-117. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Dallas, TX. 4-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Three U.S. cultivars, Coker 315, DeltaPine 50, and PD-3, along with three Chinese cultivars, Jimian 8, Ering 92, and 86-1 were compared for yield and fiber quality at Florence, SC. The Chinese cultivars produced similar yields to the U.S. cultivars, but fiber length and fiber strength of Chinese cultivars was inferior to U.S. cultivars.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, L. H. Harvey, and J. B. Pitner. 1988. Registration of 'PD-3' cotton. Crop Sci. 28:190. The cultivar PD-3 developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Experiment Station was released in 1987 as a replacement for 'PD-1.' PD-3 has wider adaptation, higher lint yield potential, stronger fiber, higher yarn tenacity, and fewer neps.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1984. Simultaneous improvement of lint yield and fiber strength in cotton. South Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1090. Seven germplasm lines of upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotton with unusual combinations of lint yield, fiber, and spinning properties were developed. The seven germplasm lines produced lint yields equal to the check cultivars Coker 201, Coker 310, and SC-1. Two PD lines had higher fiber strength than SC-1 and PD 2165, and all seven had higher yarn strength. These findings indicate that a new level in fiber quality has been reached in the PD material.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1985. Registration of 'PD-1' cotton. Crop Sci. 25:198. 'PD-1' cotton, developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 1984 as a replacement for 'SC-1.' SC-1 was the first cultivar in South Carolina with extra-fiber strength genes of triple hybrid origin that yielded similar to commercial cultivars. Compared with SC-1, PD-1 has higher lint yield, stronger fiber, and better resistance to the fusarium wilt-rootknot nematode complex.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1985. Registration of seven germplasm lines of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 201-202. Seven germplasm lines of upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotton developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station were released. The germplasm lines combine high-yield potential, extra fiber strength, wide adaptation, and unusual combinations of fiber properties.

Dani, R. G. and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Effects of time on boll set on seed-oil content in cotton. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 57: 391-394. The effect of boll set on seed-oil content was determined by weekly measures over a 6-week period. Performance was most consistent in the first 3 to 4 weeks of bolling. Significant differences and interactions were found with the weekly measurements.

Dani, R. G. and R. J. Kohel. 1989. Maternal effects and generation mean analysis of seed-oil content in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 77: 569-575. Four lines in P₁ , P₂, F₀, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂ generations with reciprocal cross combinations were analyzed. Significant maternal, non-cytoplasmic effects were found. Genetic components and their interactions were measured.

Dobson, S. L. S. 1983. Selection for drought resistance in cotton utilizing stomatal resistance measurements. M. S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. A two-way selection study for stomatal resistance was conducted within 16 F₂ populations of cotton to determine what proportion of the selected differences were transmitted to the F₃ and to study indirect effects on agronomic and fiber quality characteristics. Direct selection was generally ineffective. Only one population displayed a significant and positive response. Indirect selection response in that population revealed a reduction in lint percentage and an increase in fiber strength (at the 0.20 prob. level). Based on these results, this method of screening for drought resistance is probably not of value to cotton breeders.

Eissa, A. M., J. N. Jenkins, and C. E. Vaughan. 1983. Inheritance of seedling root length and relative root weight in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 1107-1111. Using the standard cotton cool temperature (18 °C) germination test, 124 day-neutral composite F₃ strains were evaluated for root length and relative root weight. Genetic analysis of five strains indicated that selection should be delayed to the F₃ to allow recombination of epistatic genes to occur. Recurrent selection is suggested as a breeding method that should be applicable to developing plants with long roots with a high relative root weight.

Endrizzi, J. E. and R. Nelson. 1989. Linkage analysis and arm location of the open bud (ob₁) and yellow petal (Y₂) loci in chromosome 18 of cotton. Genome. 32: 1041-1043. It was shown that the open bud and yellow petal genes are located, respectively, on the short and long arms of chromosome 18. The ob₁ gene is 3.4 and the Y₂ gene is 8 map units from the centromere; thus the two loci are at least 11 map units apart.

Endrizzi, J. E. and G. Ramsay. 1980. Identification of 10 chromosome deficiencies of cotton. J. Hered. 71: 45-48. Monosomes for chromosomes 9, 10, 12, 20, and 25 and telosomes for chromosomes 5, 14, 20, and 26 have been identified. Twenty-six marker genes were tested in different combinations with the chromosome deficiencies and the results showed the following associations; chromosome 3 and fg (linkage group VI), chromosome 5 and P₁ (XI), chromosome 12 and N₁gl ₁bw₁ne ₁ (V), chromosome 18 Y₁ob (XVI), and chromosome 26 and n₂gl ₃ne₂ (IX). Genetic results establish that chromosomes 12 and 26 are homeologs.

Endrizzi, J. E. and G. Ramsay. 1983. Inheritance of the H₁, H₂, and Sm₂ genes in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 449-452. Used aneuploids to show that the H₁ and Sm₂ genes also are located 4 map units from the centromere in the long arm of chromosome 6. F₂ populations of the three crosses of H₁ x H₂, H₁ x Sm₂ , and Sm₂ x H₂ and found that the three genes segregated as alleles.

Endrizzi, J. E. and D. T. Ray. 1991. Linkage analysis of open bud (ob₂) and yellow petal (Y₁) loci in chromosome 18 of cotton. Genome. 34: 461-463. In this study ob₂ and Y₁ were found to have a mean recombination percentage of 3.14 for backcross and 3.40 for self-pollinated families from 2n parental heterzygotes and 10.73 in families from mono-18 parental heterzygotes.

Endrizzi, J. E. and D. T. Ray. 1992. Mapping of the cl₁ R₁, yg₁, and Dw loci in the long arm of chromosome 16 of cotton. J. Hered. 83: 1-5. The four loci are in the long arm of chromosome 16 and, including the centromere, the map order and map distances between loci were determined to be: centromere 30.0 ± 6.3 cl₁ 18.6 ± 1.3 R₁ 19.8 ± 1.4 yg₁ 33.8 ± 1.6 Dw.

Endrizzi, J. E., D. T. Ray, and A. C. Gathman. 1983. Centromere orientation of quadrivalents of heterozygous translocations and an autoploid of Gossypium hirsutum L. Genetics 105: 723-731. Cytological observations of quadrivalents of heterzygous translocations demonstrate that, in addition to alternate-1 and alternate-2 orientations, a third alternate orientation (alternate-3), which occurs as a three-dimensional, V-type configuration, can be identified.

Endrizzi, J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1984. Cytology, Genetics, and Evolution of Gossypium. Cotton. Amer. Soc. Agron. Ch. 4, pp. 81-129. A review of cotton qualitative genetics and cytogenetics of cotton.

Endrizzi, J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1984. Qualitative genetics, cytology, and cytogenetics. Cotton Amer. Soc. Agron. 24: 81-129. A review of qualitative genetics, cytology, and cytogenetics of cotton is presented.

Endrizzi, J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1985. Genetics, cytology and evolution of Gossypium. Advances in Genetics. 23: 271-375. A comprehensive review of the published information on the cytology, genetics, and evolution of Gossypium is presented.

Feaster, C. V. and E. L. Turcotte. 1983. Notice to growers relative to release of a commercial variety of American Pima cotton, 'Pima S-6.' USDA, and Ariz., New Mex., and Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Memo. 3p. and Registration of Pima S-6 cotton. (Reg. No. 81). Crop Sci. 24: 382. 1984. Pima S-6 was released as a replacement for 'Pima S-5' in a major portion of the Pima cotton belt. The advantages of Pima S-6 are earlier maturity and higher yield.

Flint, H. M., N. J. Curtice, and F. D. Wilson. 1986. A comparison of related nectaried and nectariless cottons for control of the pink bollworm in field plots treated with gossyplure, insecticide, or untreated. J. Agric. Entomol. 3: 362-368. The nectariless Deltapine NSL had significantly fewer pink bollworm per boll and yielded 23 percent more lint than the control cultivar, Deltapine 61, in untreated plots. Pink bollworm infestation was lowest in insecticide-treated plots, intermediate in untreated plots, and highest in gossyplure-treated plots. Lint yield was highest in insecticide-treated plots, but not significantly different in untreated and gossyplure-treated plots.

Flint, H. M., N. J. Curtice, and F. D. Wilson. 1988. Development of pink bollworm populations (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on nectaried and nectariless Deltapine cottons in field cages. Environ. Entomol. 17: 306-308. Seasonal increases in populations of pink bollworm, from moths released in separate cages of nectaried 'Deltapine 61' and nectariless 'Deltapine NSL,' were 21-fold for the nectaried cultivar and 15-fold for the nectariless one, a highly significant reduction for the latter.

Flint, H. M., N. J. Parks, D. L. Hendrix, F. D. Wilson, and J. W. Radin. Whitefly population growth in cotton. A 3-year study in Maricopa, Arizona. USDA-ARS-93. Sweetpotato whitefly is a late-season pest of cotton at Maricopa. Reproduction on cotton is associated with water-stressed plants following irrigation termination. The initial source of the late season adult whiteflies, which are assumed to be immigrants, is unknown. A control measure would be to chemically defoliate the plants as soon as possible after irrigation is terminated.

Flint, H. M., F. D. Wilson, and N. J. Parks. 1989. Causes of square shed in cotton in central Arizona. Southw. Entomol. 14: 271-278. Square shed in WC-12NL, a nectariless, okra-leaf germplasm line, was compared with that in the nectaried, normal-leaf cultivar, Deltapine 61. Causes of square shed were (1) physiological stress; (2) thrips; (3) lygus bugs; (4) bollworms. WC-12NL set 23 percent more squares than Deltapine 61 in early season. Over the season, WC-12NL shed more squares caused by physiological stress, and shed fewer due to thrips damage than did Deltapine 61. Abnormal (4-bract) squares on Deltapine 61, but not on WC- 12NL, had greater feeding damage caused by thrips than did normal (3-bract) squares.

Flint, H. M., F. D. Wilson, N. J. Parks, R. Y. Reynoso, B. R. Stapp, and J. L. Szaro. 1992. Suppression of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and effect on beneficial insects of nectariless okra-leaf germplasm line. Bull. Entomol. Res. 82: 379-384. At two locations over three seasons, boll infestations of pink bollworm were significantly lower on the nectariless, okra-leaf germplasm line WC-12NL than on the nectaried, normal-leaf Deltapine 61. The numbers of Lygus spp. and three beneficial insects were not different on the two cottons. Collops beetle numbers were higher on WC-12NL, while lady beetle numbers were higher on Deltapine 61.

Foster, J. David, Jr. 1987. Prometryn tolerance of glanded vs. glandless isolines in selected cotton cultivars. M. S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to compare the prometryn tolerance of glanded vs. glandless 'Empire 61 (WR)' and 'Westburn M' isolines. Two intermediately glanded Empire isolines (Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ and gl₂gl₂Gl₃Gl₃) were also available. Ratios derived from leaf fluorescence measurement curves established that photosynthetic inhibition caused by prometryn in glanded plants was of less intensity and shorter duration than in glandless plants. Comparisons involving the intermediately glanded Empire isolines suggested that Gl₂ enhances tolerance more than does Gl₃. Glanded vs. glandless isolines on five genetic backgrounds (i.e., Empire 61 (WR), Westburn M, 'Delcot 277,' 'TH 149,' and 'Stoneville 213') plus the two intermediate Empire isolines were also evaluated for prometryn tolerance in the field. Visual injury ratings and measured lint yields support the growth chamber data. The treated glanded isoline on each background displayed less injury (20 to 56 percent) and higher yield (44 to 60 percent) than the corresponding glandless isoline. Again, Gl₂ showed less injury than Gl₃, though differences in lint yield were not significant. Clearly, lysigenous glands enhance prometryn tolerance in cotton, and higher gland density is directly associated with increased tolerance.

Foy, C. D., J. E. Jones, and H. W. Webb. 1980. Adaptation of cotton genotypes to and acid, aluminum toxic soil. Agron. J. 72: 833-839. Fifty-four cotton genotypes were screened for Al tolerance in greenhouse pots of an acid, Al-toxic Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, typic Hapludult) with pH adjusted to approximately 4.8 or 5.3 with CaCO. Tolerance was measured as relative growth in lower vs. higher pH. Genotypes showing greatest tolerance to acid subsoil included 'Pima S-2,' 'Acala 4-42,' La DASS 5194, La DASS 5187, 'Stoneville 213,' 'Delcot 277,' 'McNair 612,' and 'Dixie King 3.' More sensitive genotypes included 'Auburn 56,' 'Coker 201,' 'Deltapine 16' and several experimental lines.

Foy, C. D., H. W. Webb, and J. E. Jones. 1981. Adaptation of cotton genotypes to an acid, Manganese toxic soil. Agron. J. 73: 107-111. Sixty-five cotton genotypes were screened in greenhouse pots of an acid (pH 5.1), Mn-toxic Grenada (fine silty, mixed, thermic, typic, Fragiudalffs) silt loam. Nine of these genotypes, plus two from Brazil, were compared on the same soil at pH 5.1 vs. pH 6.9. Genotypes showing the greatest resistance included C-310,73-307; LaDSIS 12513; and LaDASB 12609. Manganese sensitive genotypes included C-Sgl,70-517; C-417-2912; and Coker 201.

Fryxell, P. A. 1980. A new species of Hampea (Malvaceae) from El Salvador. Syst. Bot. 5: 442-444. Hampea reynae is described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1981. Revision and expansion of the neotropical genus Wercklea (Malvaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 457-486. The 12 species of Wercklea are described, illustrated and discussed in detail. They occur in Central America, the West Indies, and northwestern South America, i.e. around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea.

Fryxell, P. A. 1982. Billieturnera (Malvaceae), a new genus from Texas and Mexico. Sida 9: 195-200. A distinctive new genus is recognized with one species occurring in saline habitats in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico.

Fryxell, P. A. 1983. Very peronal generic names (nomina perpropria): A contribution to whimsical botany. Sida 10: 95-102. A survey and analysis is made of generic names of angiosperms honoring individuals based on their full names (given name and surname) which is found to be a long-standing and continuing practice.

Fryxell. P. A. 1984. Evolucion de las especies cultivadas de algodon. Ceiba 25: 156-163. Evolution in Gossypium is discussed in broad outline, with particular attention to the origin of the cultivated species.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Four new species of Malvaceae from Mexico. Syst. Bot. 9: 415-422. Pavonia discolor, Periptera ctenotricha, Robinsonellachiangii, and Dirhamphis mexicanaare described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. La evoluciùn de las especies cultivadas de algodùn. Ceiba 25: 156-163. A semi-popular account, in Spanish, of evolution in Gossypium, with special reference to the cultivated species, taken from a talk given to a workshop in Central America.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Rojasimalva (Malvacea), un nuevo genero de Venezuela. Ernstia 28: 11-14. A new genus is recognized with one species occurring in Venezuela.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Taxonomy and germplasm resources.A Cotton Monograph, Amer. Soc. Agron. Monograph Ser. # 24. Chapter 2, pp. 27-57. The taxonomy of Gossypium is summarized, including botanical descriptions of all of the known species, and a discussion of the range of variation available in the genus. Against this background, the history and development of cotton germplasm collections is discussed, followed by a consideration of examples of the successful utilization of these resources.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Additional novelties in Mexican Malvaceae. Syst. Bot. 10: 268-272. Horsfordia exalata, Robinsonella glabrifolia,and Abutilon procerum are described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Four new species of Malvaceae from Venezuela. Syst. Bot. 10: 273-281. Abutilothamnus yaracuyensis, Batesimalva killipii, Dendrosida wingfieldii, and Peltaea krapovickasiorum are described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Sidus sidarum V. The North and Central American species of Sida. Sida 11: 62-91. The 42 species of Sida that occur in North and Central America (incl. the West Indies) are treated and sorted into 11 sections of the genus. The sectional divisions are applicable on a world-wide basis.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Up with diversity. BioScience 36: 735-737. Presidential address to the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, discussing problems and trends in the education of the next generation of systematic botanists.

Fryxell, P. A. 1986. "The Cotton Gazetteer" by Arlen W. Frank. Econ. Bot. 40: 251-252. Book review of an interesting summarization of cotton statistics world-wide.

Fryxell, P. A. 1986. Ecological adaptations in Gossypium species. in Mauney, J. R. and J. M. Stewart (eds.), Cotton Physiology, The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, TN. Ch. 1, pp. 1-7. The wild species of cotton are adapted to a wide array of ecological habitats. The adaptations to these ecological factors that have evolved in the various species are described, to indicate the range of germplasm available in the genus Gossypium and to indicate the physiological background against which studies of the physiology of the cultivated species can be understood.

Fryxell, P. A. 1988. "Charles Wright on the boundary, 1849-1852, or Plantae Wrightianae revisited" by Elizabeth A. Shaw. Econ. Bot. 42: 53. Book review of a detailed analysis of the life and work of an important plant collector, at least with that portion of his career when he worked on the U.S. - Mexican border.

Fryxell, P. A. 1988. The genus Pavonia in Australia. Nuytsia 6: 305-308. A review of what is known of the three species of Pavonia that have been recorded from Australia.

Fryxell, P. A. 1988. Malvaceae of Mexico. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 1-522. A book-length illustrated monograph on the 55 genera and over 370 species of Malvaceae that occur in Mexico. A treatment of the 14 species of Gossypium that occur in the country is included, as well as treatments of other genera of the cotton tribe: Hampea (11 Mexican species), Cienfuegosia (3 Mexican species), and Thespesia (1 Mexican species).

Fryxell, P. A. 1990. Malvaceae. Flora of Chipas, Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, CA. pp 1- 86. A treatment of the 35 genera and 129 species of Malvaceae that occur in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Selected species are illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1990. New species of Malvaceae from South America. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 163-172. Briquetia brasiliensis, Nototriche ecuadoriensis, Pavonia falconensis, Pavonia insperabilis,and Urocarpidium stipulatum are described and mostly illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1992. A revised taxonomic interpretation of Gossypium. Rheedea 2: 108-165. An updated account of current understanding of the taxonomy of Gossypium, taking into account several recently described species and newly acquired data relevant to classification in the genus. The classification into subgenera, sections and subsections is revised, and one new section and one new species are described, bringing the total number of species to 50.

Fryxell, P. A., L. A. Craven, and J. M. Stewart. 1992. A revision of Gossypium sect. Grandicalyx, including the description of six new species. Syst. Bot. 17: 91-114. The 11 species of this group are from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. Their history and ecological context are fully discussed; the species are described and their distributions mapped; chromosome counts (all 2n=26) are reported for seven of the species; and six new species are described and illustrated: G. enthyle, G. exiguum, G. londonderriense, G. marchantii, G. nobile, and G.rotundifolium.

Fryxell, P. A. and S. D. Koch. 1987. New or noteworthy species from the Sierra del Sur of Guerrero and Michoacçn, Mexico. Aliso 11: 539-561. A description of several new species from Mexico, including Gossypium schwendimanii, together with commentary on these and other noteworthy collections and illustrations of the new species.

Fryxell, P. A. and S. D. Koch. 1991. Pavonia ecostata (Malvaceae), a new species from Jalisco, Mexico. The new species is described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. and A. Krapovickas. 1986. Proposal to conserve Peltaea against Peltostegia. Taxon 35: 389-390. A proposal [subsequently approved] to stabilize a nomenclatural matter in the Malvaceae.

Fryxell, P. A. and A. Krapovickas. 1990. The Malvaceae published by Turczaninow. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 173-182. An analysis of the 58 names published Malvaceae by N. S. Turczaninow (1796-1864), including two new generic names, based on an examination of the specimens studied by him that are kept at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kiev.

Fryxell, P. A. and J. Valdes. Observations on Fryxellia pygmaea (Malvaceae). Sida 14: 399-404. The rediscovery of this rare plant in central Coahiula is noted, and observations are presented on its ecology, chromosome number (2n=16), and probable taxonomic affinities.

Fryxell, P. A., J. Valdes, and J. A. Vallarreal. 1991. A new species of Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae) from Coahiula, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 36: 358-360. Sphaeralcea reflexa is described and illustrated and its chromosome number (2n=20) reported.

Fryxell, P. A. and F. D. Wilson. 1986. Clarification of the status of Hibiscus (sect. Furcaria) uncinellus DC. (Malvaceae). Brittonia 38: 107-110. H. uncinellus, a vigorous, red-flowered vine of Mexico, has been confused with H. bifurcatus Cav., a pink-flowered shrub of Central and South America.

George, B. W. and F. D. Wilson. 1983. Pink bollworm: Effects of natural infestation on upland and Pima cottons untreated and treated with insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 76: 1152-1155. The economic level of seed damage caused to cotton by pink bollworm was 3 to 10 percent in the susceptible upland cultivar, Deltapine 61; 5 to 17 percent in the susceptible Pima cultivar, Pima S- 5; and above 17 percent in the resistant upland breeding stock, AET-5. Over 3 seasons, lint yields in unsprayed plots were 84 percent (Deltapine 61), 73 percent (Pima S-5), and 101 percent (AET-5) of yields in insecticide-treated plots.

George, B. W., F. D. Wilson, and R. L. Wilson. 1983. Methods of evaluating cotton for resistance to pink bollworm, cotton leafperforator, and lygus bugs. So. Coop. Ser. Bull. 280. pp. 41-45. A review of the host-plant resistance methods used at the Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona.

Girma, Bedada. 1981. Breeding behavior of tufted seed in crosses involving two tufted lines and three commercial cotton cultivars. M. S. Thesis. University of Arkansas. Seed tip-fuzz inheritance was examined in upland cotton. The tuft character derived from Yugloslav 72 appeared controlled by a single recessive gene. The gene was not allelic to the naked character derived from D-15 x Stripper 31. A tufted trait also derived from D-15 x Stripper 31 differed from the Yugloslaw trait. Whereas the D-15 x Stripper 31 mutants accompanied low lint perccent, the Yugoslav 72 trait did not.

Green, C. C. and T. W. Culp. 1988. Utilization of fiber strength measurements in the development of high fiber strength cottons. p. 613-614. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., New Orleans, LA. 3-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Stelometer and HVI fiber strength measurements were evaluated as selection criteria to improve yarn strength in three cotton populations. Neither fiber strength measurement was more consistently correlated with yarn strength over the three populations. Stelometer and HVI fiber strength were only moderately correlated, suggesting that the two strength measurements may not be measuring the same genetic properties.

Greenhagen, Bruce E. 1988. Magnitude and consistency of heterosis in crosses among Plains- type cotton cultivars. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. The magnitude and consistency of midparent (MP) and high parent (HP) heterosis over three irrigated locations and/or 3 years were studied for cotton in Oklahoma. Parents, F₁s, and F₂s were evaluated for all possible crosses, ignoring reciprocals, among five Plains-type cultivars [(1) 'Lockett 77,' (2) 'Tamcot SP21,' (3) 'Paymaster 303,' (4) 'Tamcot SP37,' and (5) 'Westburn M']. Six parental combinations (1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 5, 2 x 4, 3 x 5, and 4 x 5) displayed significant F₁ MP heterosis for lint yield ranging from 11.5 to 34.0 percent. That heterosis was consistent over locations and years. The four other combinations sporadically displayed significant F₁MP heterosis over environments. Five parental combinations (1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 5, 3 x 4, and 3 x 5) exhibited significant F₁HP heterosis for lint yield ranging from 12.6 to 26.6 percent. That heterosis was consistent over locations and years, and those five combinations have economic potential. One of the remaining combinations (2 x 3) did not exhibit significant F₁HP heterosis. The four other combinations sporadically exhibited significant F₁HP heterosis over environments, and their potential is questionable.

Gwyn, J. J. and D. M. Stelly. 1989. Method to evalute pollen viability of upland cotton: Tests with chromosome translocations. Crop Sci. 29: 1165-1169. A modified fluorochrome reaction (FCR) method, using fluorescein diacetate, was evaluated for application as a pollen from normal and reciprocal chromosome translocation cytotypes grown in greenhouse and field environments. Analyzed materials included 44 different true-breeding translocation homozygotes, respective F₁ heterozygotes, and three differenct cytogenetically analyzed BC₁F₁ families. Results were concordant with cytogenetic expectations and meiotic analyses, indicating that the pollen technique works well.

Ha, Sam B. 1986. Effects of selected morphological traits in cotton on natural insect infestations, lint yield, lint percent, and fiber quality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Five morphological traits (i.e., okra leaf, nectariless, frego bract, smooth leaf, and glandless) vs. the normal check were compared in each of eight genetic backgrounds under irrigation and without insecticides at two locations for 3 years. The smooth-leaf trait reduced cotton fleahopper populations by 54 percent when averaged over years, locations, backgrounds, and sampling dates. Frego bract increased fleahopper numbers by 64 percent over the same variables. The okra-leaf, nectariless, and glandless traits occasionally influenced fleahopper infestations, but not consistently. Smooth leaf did suppress, to some extent, bollworm oviposition; but the other traits had little effect on that trait. The nectariless lines were comparable to the checks for lint yield and lint percent. The okra-leaf lines were also comparable to the checks for lint yield, but were frequently lower for lint percent. Large and consistently significant reductions in lint yield and lint percent of the frego-bract lines were exhibited. The smooth-leaf lines often displayed lower lint yield than the checks, possibly resulting from lower lint percent. The lint yield and lint percent of the glandless lines were reduced in some genetic backgrounds. Based on these results, frego-bract should not be incorporated into the Oklahoma cotton breeding program; smooth leaf and glandless appear unpromising and probably should not be used; and nectariless and okra-leaf should receive some attention.

Ha, S. B. and L. M. Verhalen. 1986. Inheritance of the multilock boll in upland cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 103. (Abstr.) Upland cotton normally has four- or five-lock bolls and occasionally bolls with three- or six- locks. A mutant type which consistently has 6- to 10-lock bolls (averaging between 7 and 8) was obtained from the Regional Cotton Germplasm Collection at Stoneville, MS (S.A. 0981 "Multiple Lock, West Tex"). Two multilock lines derived from S.A. 0981 were crossed with TM-1 and 'Westburn M,' respectively. The parental, F₁, F₂, and backcross populations were examined. Multilock boll appears to be governed by a single, largely recessive gene.

Hampton, R. E., D. M. Oosterhuis, J. McD. Stewart, and K. S. Kim. 1987. Antomical differences in cotton related to drought tolerance Ark. Farm. Res. 36(6):4. Various genotypes represented by Stoneville 506, DeRidder Red Leaf, Pilose, D₂ and a G. barbadense were measured for epidermal wall thickness, cuticle thickness, trichome density, capitate gland density and stomate density. Physiological measurements were leaf temperature, stomatal resistance and transpiration. Pilose has the lowest surface temperature. Stomatal number did not correlate with stomatal resistance or transpiration.

Hsieh, C., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., R. L. Shepherd, and W. L. Parrott. 1987. Breeding potential of cotton germplasm tolerant to tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fab.). Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 144. 7 pp. Genetic analysis of resistance to tobacco budworm in M-DH-118, M-DH-126, and M-DH-128 indicate that there should be no major complicating factors in using these three lines as parents to develop cultivars with resistance to tobacco budworm. Analysis suggest that delaying selection until F4 and selecting on a progeny row basis should be successful. Variance for resistance was primarily additive with smaller but significant dominance and epistatic effects present.

Hsu, C. L. and J. McD. Stewart. 1982. A rapid stain method for suspension cultured plant cells. J. Tiss. Cult. Meth. 7: 69-72. A procedure based on partial hydrolysis of cells with HCL followed by toluidine blue O staining is described for visualizing cell walls and chromosomes of cultured plant cells including cotton.

James, D. and J .E. Jones. 1985. Effect of leaf and bract isolines on spray penetration and insecticidal efficacy. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 395-396. Four isolines of cotton differing in leaf (okra vs. normal) and bract (frego vs. normal) types in all combinations were evaluated under four insecticide regimes to evaluate the effects of these morphological traits on insecticide efficacy and spray penetration. Spray penetration was measured when cotton was 4 feet tall by spraying the crop with non- active agricultural dye using a J.D. Hy-Cycle delivering 8 gal/a at 40 p.s.i. and evaluating paper cards that had been placed at three depths within the canopy. Okra leaf was found to significantly increase spray penetration both in terms of drops per square inch and percent area covered. Insecticide efficacy results were inconclusive

Jenkins, J. N., P. A. Hedin, W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and White, W. H. 1983. Cotton allelochemics and growth of tobacco budworm larvae. Crop Sci. 23: 1195-1198. Putative allelochemicals for resistance to tobacco budworm were fed in wheat germ diet and their relationship to larvae weight were determined. Chemicals were cyanidin, delphinidin, gossypol, condensed tannin, chrysanthemin, isoquercitrin and quercetin. Regression equations are presented to describe effects on larvae growth.

Jenkins, J. N., J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1990. Effectiveness of fruiting sites in cotton: yield. Crop Sci. 30: 365-369. Plant maps of bolls at harvest were developed for eight cultivars. From 66 to 75 percent of yield came from position one bolls, 18-21 percent from position two bolls, with 2-4 percent from all other position bolls. Monopodial branches produced from 3-9 percent of yield. The newer short-season cultivars produced more of their yield at nodes 5-8 than older cultivars.

Jenkins, J. N., J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1990. Fruiting efficiency in cotton: Boll size and boll set percentage. Crop Sci. 30: 857-860. Plant maps of bolls at harvest were developed for eight cultivars. Boll set varied by cultivar and node. Bolls at position 1 were 14 percent and 21 percent larger than bolls at positions 2 and 3, respectively.

Jenkins, J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., K. A. Barton, and P. F. Umbeck. 1991. Field test of transgenic cottons containing a Bacillus thuringiensis gene. Miss. Agric. and For. Expt. Stn. Technical Bulletin 174. 6 pp. Describes field test and regulatory protocol for evaluation of transgenic cotton containing a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which codes for the delta endotoxin. The cotton plants did not express the toxin as levels sufficient to offer field control of tobacco budworm.

Jenkins, J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and L. Dearing. 1986. Performance of cottons when infested with tobacco budworm. Crop Sci. 26: 93-95. Resistance to tobacco budworm defined as ability to set and mature bolls in the presence of high levels of tobacco budworm was measured in 13 cotton strains. Resistance was identified in ST 506 and confirmed in PEE DEE 875, PEE DEE 8619 and Tamcot CAMD-E. Regression analysis suggest that about 65 percent of the measured resistance is associated with early, rapid fruiting.

Jenkins, J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. H. White. 1982. Breeding cotton for resistance to the tobacco budworm: techniques to achieve uniform field infestations. Crop Sci. 22: 400-404. Techniques, equipment, and procedures for handling tobacco budworm pupae, adults, eggs, and first instar larvae are described, as well as procedures for uniformily infesting progeny rows of cotton with first instar larvae.

Jenkins, J. N., and F. D. Wilson. Host plant resistance. p. in E. G. King and J. R. Phillips (eds.) Cotton insects and mites: characterization and management. No. 3. Cotton Foundation Ref. Book Ser. A review of resistance of cotton to insects and mites.

John, M. E. and J. McD. Stewart. 1992. Genes for better jeans: biotechnological advances in cotton. Biotechnology 10: 165-170. A review of the current status of biotechnology applications in cotton. Emphasis is placed on the status of molecular manipulation of cotton fiber chracteristic.

Jones, J. E. 1982. The present state of the art and science of cotton breeding for leaf-morphological types. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 93-99. Literature review on the effects of leaf shape (including normal, okra, sub-okra, sea-island, and laciniate) on boll rot, earliness, yield, leaf area, within-canopy microclimate, reaction to insects, weed control, and special adaptation. (44 references).

Jones, J. E., J. P. Beasley, J. I. Dickson, and W. D. Caldwell. 1988. Registration of four cotton germplasm lines with resistance to reinform and root-knot nematodes. Crop Sci. 28: 199- 200. Lines included La. RN 4-4, La. RN 909, La. RN 910, and La. RN 1032. All were selections from LA 434-RKR. LA 434-RKR originated from a cross of Bayou 7769 x 'Deltapine 16.' Bayou 7769 is resistant to root-knot nematode (RKN) and was developed from a cross of 'Deltapine 15' x 'Clevewilt-6.' The germplasm lines were evaluated for nematode resistance in the greenhouse in RKN and reinform nematode (RN) infested soil, and in the field on natural RN-infested soil at Baton Rouge, LA.

Jones, J. E., E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, J. G. Marshall, J. I. Dickson, and D. F. Clower. 1987. Field performance of some new cotton strains with resistance to Heliothis spp. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp.94-96. Five new high glandulosity (HG) cotton strains were found to exhibit significant levels of resistance to natural field infestations of Heliothis spp., as measured by fruit damage, fruit infestation, and lint yield, when compared to the susceptible cultivar, Stoneville 213. La. HG 810063 and La. HG 820660, in particular, represent improvements in yield potential, earliness, and fiber quality while maintaining a moderately high level of resistance to Heliothis spp.

Jones, J. E., E. Burris, S. J. Stringer, and D. F. Clower. 1984. Further breeding studies with frego bract cottons. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 369-371. Several frego and frego-nectariless strains were evaluated under a moderate plant bug infestation which was left uncontrolled until 27 July, about 3 weeks after first bloom. La. 243-47-FN, La. 271-53-FN, and La. 271-58-FN were significantly more tolerant and/or resistant to plant bugs than La. 81-560-FN, the frego-nectariless check strain. These strains represent a significant step forward in developing useable frego bract cottons.

Jones, J. E., W. D. Caldwell, D. T. Bowman, J. W. Brand, A. Coco, T. G. Marshall, D. J. Boquet, R. Hutchinson, W. Aguillard, and D. F. Clower. 1981. Gumbo 500: An advancement in breeding open-canopy cottons. Louisiana Agric. 24: 8-13. 'Gumbo 500' was released in 1981 by the Louisiana State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. as a replacement for 'Gumbo.' Gumbo 500, like Gumbo, is characterized by the okra-leaf trait that gives it an open-type canopy. However, Gumbo 500 represents an improvement over Gumbo for yield, earliness, lint percentage, fiber quality, and resistance to Fusarium wilt.

Jones, J. E., D. F. Clower, E. Burris, J. G. Marshall, and S. J. Stringer. 1983. Progress in breeding frego-nectariless cottons for reduced plant bug sensitivity. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 81-83. Literature and unpublished studies relating the advantages of frego bract and it sensitivity to plant bug are reviewed. The nectariless trait was an aid in reducing plant bug sensitivity in frego bract, but did not completely solve the plant bug problem. Ar-Frego 3 and Ar-Frego 25 were found to flower at a high rate during July, a trait that either reflects reduced square shed due to plant bug damage, or is a mechanism of tolerating yield loss due to plant bug feeding.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, W. Aguillard, W. D. Caldwell, S. H. Moore, R. L. Hutchinson, and R. L. Rogers. 1991. Registration of 'LA 887' Cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1701. 'LA 887,' tested experimentally as LA 830887, was developed from a cross of LA 434-RKR x DES 11-9. LA 434-RKR is an experimental strain with superior fiber quality and resistance to root-knot nematode (RKN). DES 11-9 is an experimental strain obtained from R. R. Bridge, Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. A selection (DES 11913) from DES 11-9 was subsequently released as 'DES 119.' LA 887 is characterized by premium fiber quality, resistance to RKN/fusarium wilt complex, and high-yield potential.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, and J. P. Beasley. 1987. Preference and nonpreference of boll weevils to selected cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 98-102. Certain genotypes were shown to be several times more attractive to boll weevils than the commercial cultivars, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41. Their greater attractiveness was due in part to an early and more rapid fruiting rate, but in the case of 'Tamcot CAB-CS,' TX CAMD 21S-7-81, and TX BLLEBOS 1-83, an additional attractiveness factor was indicated. A number of breeding strains with red-stem, red-stem-nectariless, frego bract, and frego- nectariless traits were nonpreferred by boll weevil. Field resistance to boll weevil was confirmed in six day-neutral-converted race stocks (MT-109, MT-293, MT-326, MT-330, MT- 763, and MT-1180) and in one day-neutral race-stock-derived strain (T277-2-6).

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, E. Burris, D. F. Clower, W. D. Caldwell, J. G. Marshall, and S. J. Stringer. 1988. Registration of three insect resistant cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 28: 200. Lines included La. HG-063, La. HG-065, and La. HG-660, which combine resistance to bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) with early maturity, good yielding ability, acceptable fiber quality, and reduced pubescence. BW/TBW resistance is attributed to a high frequency of normal-size gossypol glands (HG) located over the calyx (including lobes), ovary wall, and other plant parts. The lines were developed from a cross between two HG lines, La. HG 83-1-1546 x La. HG 1838-1497. The two parents were selected from an intercross population involving Louisiana advanced breeding lines, 'Stoneville 213,' and GT5A-10-152XG15. The strain, GT5A-10-15-2XG15, obtained from M. J. Lukefahr, was the original source of the HG trait.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, J. B. Graves, A. M. Pavloff, B. R. Leonard, E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, S. Macinski, and S. H. Moore. 1989. Agronomically enhanced insect-resistant cottons. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 135-137. Yield and insect damage of five experimental strains is discussed. LA850074-F, LA850075-F, LA850082-FN, LA860280-F, and LA860284-F were equal to or superior than La HG-660 in terms of lint yield and reduced bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage. LA850074-F and LA850075-F produced lint yields equal to or superior than 'Deltapine 41' and 'DES 119' in the absences of BW/TBW. All strains are frego bract and would be expected to be resistant to boll weevils as well.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, and R. G. Novick. 1988. Another look at effects of leaf shape traits on agronomic performance of upland cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 94. Four leaf shape near-isolines [normal, semi-okra (sea-island or sub-okra), okra, and super-okra] on each of two genetic backgrounds (La 213-613 and MD 65-11) were evaluated in nine environments. Okra leaf was the superior leaf shape on the La. 213-613 background in terms of lint yield; sub-okra was the superior leaf shape on the MD 65-11 background. Super-okra was affected by environments more than the other leaf types; its yield was inferior to normal leaf in environments where rank growth was not a problem, but equal or superior to normal leaf when rank growth occurred. Super-okra leaf increased earliness on both genetic backgrounds, and okra leaf increased earliness on the La. 213-613 background.

Jones, J. E., R. G. Novick, and J. I. Dickson. 1988. Boll weevil resistance in day-neutral converted primitive race stocks of Gossypium hirsutum L. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 99. Nine race-stock-derived, day-neutral strains were compared with the boll-weevil-susceptible cultivars, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41, and the resistant frego-nectariless breeding line La.81-560FN for relative field resistance to boll weevils and for anther number and mass per flower. Field resistance was confirmed in four strains (MT 109, MT 330, MT 763, and MT 1180) and identified for the first time in MT 323 and T 1219). The race-stock-derived strains had as many or more anthers per flower, but less than or equally as much anther mass per flower as the checks. All race-stock-derived strains were late and unproductive, but provide sources of boll weevil resistance that should be used in cultivar development.

Jones, R. W., J. R. Cate, and P. A. Fryxell. 1991. Phenology and ecology of Cienfuegosia intermedia Fryx. (Malvaceae) and evaluation as a host plant of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Southwestern Naturalist 36: 75-83. It is concluded that boll weevils are not hosted by C. intermedia, and the plant plays no role in the population dynamics of the weevils in north central Mexico.

Katterman, F. R. H. and V. I. Shattuck. 1983. An effective method of DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium species that contain large amounts of phenolic terpenoids and tannins. Preparative Biochemistry 13(4): 347-359. Purified and unstained nuclei were isolated from the leaves of several Gossypium species (diploid and tetraploid). DNA, previously unobtainable, was then extracted from the nuclei by conventional means.

Kennedy, C. W., M. T. Ba, A. G. Caldwell, R. L. Hutchinson, and J. E. Jones. 1987. Differences in root and shoot growth and soil moisture extraction between cultivars in an acid subsoil. Plant and Soil 101: 241-246. Research was conducted to determine if differences in yield and crop growth of field-grown cultivars (Stoneville 825, Deltapine 41, Auburn 56, and Pima S-5) would be related to root length density and end-of-season soil moisture content in an acid soil. Normalization of root density on a percentage of total root density basis indicated that Stoneville 825 and Pima S-5 had a consistently greater percentage of roots in the acidic subsoil than did Auburn 56 and Deltapine 41. Subsoil moisture remaining at the end of the season was least for Stoneville 825 and greatest for Deltapine 41. Differences in root length density and implied soil moisture extraction in acidic subsoil may partly explain differences in adaptation by some cultivars to nonirrigated, drought-prone, acidic soils.

Kennedy, C. W. and J. E. Jones. 1991. Evaluating quantitative screening methods for manganese toxicity in cotton genotypes. J. Plant Nutrition 14: 1331-1339. Cotton genotypes LaDSIS 12513, LADASS 5175, Coker gl 79-501, and Pima S-5 were used to compare several quantitative and semi-quantitative measures of reaction to high levels of soil manganese. Indole-3-acetic acid oxidase (IAAO) is the functional enzyme of Mn toxicity, but has a relatively slow assay method. Peroxidase activity, with a faster assay method, was found to most closely parallel IAAO activity. Specific leaf weight and "percentage of leaves that were damaged" correlated the least with IAAO activity.

Kennedy, C. W., W. C. Smith, and J. E. Jones. 1986. Effect of early season square removal on three leaf types of cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 139-145. Square removal was carried out in the field on normal leaf (NL), okra leaf (OL), and super- okra leaf (SOL) near-isogeneic lines of 'Stoneville 213' for 3 and 6 weeks to determine (1) if improved yield could be obtained in OL and/or SOL types by enlarging the canopy, and (2) if delaying fruit set produced differential response in these leaf types. Results would form the basis for development of a boll weevil trap crop system using exogenous chemicals for square abscission. Square removal increased plant height, LAI and number of sympodial branches. Fruit set was more rapid and occurred in a shorter interval for all leaf types undergoing square removal for 3 weeks. These responses were greatest and most consistent in SOL. Rapid fruit set was due primarily to more sympodia fruiting simultaneously. Yield of SOL was 23.5 percent greater with 3 weeks of square removal than without square removal. Yield was not improved in NL or OL by square removal.

Kennedy, C. W., W. C. Smith, and J. E. Jones. 1986. Effect of reduced light intensity on reproductive growth of three isogeneic lines differing in leaf type. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 63. Isogeneic lines of 'Stoneville 213' differing in leaf type [normal (NL), okra (OL), and super- okra (SOL)] were evaluated in the field under full sun, 55 percent shade cloth, and 80 percent shade cloth for 3 years. Shaded OL maintained a flowering rate comparable to control plants, while flower production in NL and SOL declined numerically or statistically across shade treatments. Boll accumulation rates of leaf types declined in shade treatments, but the reduction was smallest in OL. Relative to controls, OL and SOL had greater boll retention percent than NL in the 80 percent shade treatment. Seed cotton yield was significantly greater in OL than NL or SOL in 80 percent shade treatment.

Kittock, D. L., E. L. Turcotte, and W. C. Hofmann. 1988. Estimation of heat tolerance improvement in recent American Pima cotton cultivars. J. Agron. and Crop Sci. 161: 305- 309. This report estimated change in heat tolerance of Pima cotton through yield response over 30 years in six Arizona counties that differ in elevation and mean summer temperatures. Pima lint yield increased from 57 percent of upland yield in 1956 to 75 percent in 1985 when averaged over the six counties. Comparison of regression coefficients suggest that nearly 50 percent of the 30- year lint yield increase of Pima cotton at lower elevations was the result of increased tolerance to high temperature in improved cultivars.

Kohel, R. J. 1980. Genetic studies of seed oil in cotton. Crop Sci. 20: 784-787. Twenty lines with a wide range of seed oil were studied for genetic control of seed oil in F₃. Heritability estimate for seed oil was 35 percent. Seed oil and seed components were measured.

Kohel, R. J. 1982. Crinkle-yellow, a new mutant in Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered. 73:382- 383. A new completely recessive mutant, crinkle-yellow, was described. Linkage analysis with 41 loci found no linkage associations.

Kohel, R. J. 1983. Genetic analysis of virescent mutants and the identification of virescents v- 12, v-13, v-14, v-15, and v-16v-17 in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 289-291. Nine virescent lines were tested for relation to existing virescents. The tests identified some alleles with existing virescents and identified six new loci, four simply inherited and one duplicate recessive.

Kohel, R. J. 1983. Genetic analysis of the yellow-veins mutant in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 291- 293. A new completely recessive mutant was described. Linkage analysis with 38 loci determined it was a member of linkage group XVII with Rugate and virescent-1.

Kohel, R. J. 1985. Genetic analysis of fiber color variants in cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 793-797. Lines with combinations of brown and green fuzz and lint were analysed for their relation to known genes. Four new brown lint loci were described. All green lint and fuzz lines were allelic to green lint.

Kohel, R. J. 1988. Genetic analysis of a white mutant in cotton. Crop Sci. 28: 1016-1018. A new mutant was described that is controlled by duplicate recessive genes. The mutant is usually expressed as a seedling lethal. Linkage analysis found no linkage with the 14 loci tested.

Kohel, R. J. 1989. Cotton. Ch. 21. pp. 404-415. Oil Crops of the World. Robbelen, G., R.K. Downey, and A. Ashri (eds.). McGraw Hill Publ. Co., New York, N.Y. The genetics of seed-oil of cotton was reviewed. A discussion was presented on the status and potential for breeding of seed traits in cotton was given.

Kohel, R. J. and C. R. Benedict. 1987. Growth analysis of cottons with differing maturities. Agron. J. 79: 31-34. Performance of differing maturing cotton were evaluated for timing of reproductive events, amounts, and partioning of dry weight. It was determined that early maturity limits productivity per plant, but plant yield components can be modified with genetic selection.

Kohel, R. J. and J. P. Cherry. 1983. Variation of cottonseed quality with stratified harvests. Crop Sci. 23: 1119-1124. Two years data from stratified harvests were obtained for seed quality factors including fatty acid and amino acid profiles. Significant interactions demonstrated the care needed in sampling experiments and they pointed out the need for more research to understand the environmental factors influencing seed development.

Kohel, R. J., J. Glueck, and L. W. Rooney. 1985. Comparison of cotton germplasm collections for seed-protein content. Crop Sci. 25: 961-963. Seed protein was determined for the Gossypium hirsutum lines in the germplasm collection. These values were related to earlier determinations of seed-oil content.

Kohel, R. J. and McMichael. 1990. Immature fiber mutant of Upland cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 419- 421. A simple recessive mutant, immature, is described. The mutant phenotype is characterized by fibers with immature development.

Kohel, R. J. and A. E. Percival. 1989. Genetic analysis of the "rex" mutant in cotton. J. Hered. 80: 78-80. A complete recessive mutant termed rex was described. It was found as a spontaneous mutant in the cv. Rex. Linkage analysis found it linked to Ragged leaf, 17.45 percent, and therefore a member of linkage group X.

La Duke, J. C. and P. A. Fryxell. 1988. Lecotypification of Malva angustifolia Cav. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 159-163. The type specimen of Malva angustifolia (= Sphaeralcea angustifolia) has previously been problematical. The problem is reviewed and resolved by the choice of a lectotype.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1980. Evaluation of foreign and domestic cotton cultivars and strains for boll weevil resistance. Crop Sci. 20: 804-806. Forty-four domestic and introduced cotton strains were evaluated for resistance to boll weevil oviposition. Introduced lines, Lasani 11, AC 134, Albar 627, GO77-2, BP 52/NC 63, and domestic lines TX-LY-18-72, DES-HERB 16, and DES-ARB 16 received significantly less oviposition than DPL 16, but not less than ST 213.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1980. Evaluation of 38 foreign and domestic cotton cultivars for tarnished plant bug resistance. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Report 5(1). 4 pp. Thirty-eight foreign and domestic cotton cultivars were evaluated for tarnished plant bug resistance. Four lines from Bulgaria showed significant resistance.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1982. Effect of 43 foreign and domestic cotton cultivars and strains on growth of tobacco budworm larvae. Crop Sci. 22: 543-545. Thirty-five foreign and eight USA cotton lines were evaluated for antibiosis to tobacco budworm. Significant antibiosis was present in foreign entries BJA 592, Laxmi, SATU 65 and US strains MO-HG and HG-BR-8-N.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1982. Greenhouse technique for evaluating resistance to the bandedwinged whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) used to evaluate thirty-five foregin cotton cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 75: 1166-1168. A greenhouse procedure for evaluation of cotton lines for banded winged white flies was developed and used to evaluate 36 cotton lines. One foreign line C 1211 had significantly less white fly colonization than DPL 16. No line had less white fly emergence than DPL 16.

Lee, J. A. 1981. A genetical scheme for isolating cotton cultivars. Crop Sci. 21: 339-341. A complementary lethality interaction occurs when G. davidsonii Kell., a diploid cotton, is crossed with either G. hirsutum L. or G. barbadense L., tetraploid cottons. The tetraploids contribute Le₁ and Le₂ while the diploid contributes Le^dav. This latter allele was transferred via hexaploid bridging. The le and Le^dav alleles can be used to genetically isolate cottons for special purposes, e.g. productions of hybrids and gossypol-free seeds.

Lee, J. A. 1981. Genetics of the D3 complementary lethality system in Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense. J. Hered. 72: 299-300. Two alleles, Le₁ and Le₂, were identified as the complementary lethal factors located in the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense genomes. The allele Le^dav is found in the diploid G. davidsonii genome.

Lee, J. A. 1981. A new linkage relationship in cotton. Crop Sci. 21: 346-347. Linkage between the gland-determining allele, GL₃^dav, and the complementary lethal factor, Le^dav, was estimated at 25.9 + 3.0 recombination units.

Lee, J. A. 1982. Linkage relationships between Le and Gl alleles in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1211- 1213. Indirect results and reconstruction of probable pathways in the evolution alleles at the le loci in various Gossypium taxa led to the tentative conclusion that Le₂ and Le^dav are alleles at a common locus. Direct methods of testing allelism are not possible since combination of the two alleles results in lethality of the embryo or plant.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Effect of plant smoothness on agronomic traits of upland cotton-fiber properties. Crop Sci. 24: 716-720. Degree of plant smoothness was not related to any consistent deleterious effect on fiber properties; however, specific smoothness alleles did confer fiber quality deficits. The Sm₂ allele reduced 2.5 percent fiber span length and increased fiber micronaire. The Sm₁^sl allele reduced fiber tenacity. There was evidence for maternal and reciprocal effects for some fiber traits.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Effects of plant smoothness on agronomic traits of upland cotton-lint percentage. Crop Sci. 24: 583-587. The degree of plant smoothness was not correlated with values for number of seeds per boll seed index, lint index, and grams of seed cotton per boll. The Sm₂ allele significantly reduced lint percent, and increasing plant smoothness does not further reduce lint percent.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Effects of two pilosity alleles on agronomic and fiber traits of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 127-129. The pilosity alleles, H₂ and Pilose, impart dense pubescence to plant parts of cotton. Pilose differed from H₂ by having pubescent bolls. Pilose reduced 2.5 percent fiber span length and 50 percent fiber span length and fiber tensile strength while it increased fiber length uniformity index and fiber micronaire.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Two new alleles at the sm₁ locus in cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 945-947. One allele from the wild Hawaiian tetraploid species, G. tomentosum Nutt. ex. Seem., removes all trichomes from stems and most trichomes from mature leaves. This allele is dominant to normal pubescence. The second allele is from the Peruvian diploid species, G. raimondii Ulbr., and increases the density of trichomes acting as a dominant allele. This finding suggests that the sm₁ locus of the D subgenome is the homeologue of the sm₂ or h₁ of the A subgenome.

Lee, J. A. 1985. Effects of the density of pubescence on some traits of extra-long-stapled cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 517-520. Glabrous reduced lint percent in AS-2 and Pima S-5, reduced 2.5 percent span fiber length in AS-2 and reduced fiber tenacity and fiber length uniformity index in Coastland compared with normal pubescence. Hirsuteness increased lint percent in AS-2 and Pima S-5, reduced g seed cotton boll-1, lint index, fiber length uniformity index, and fiber elongation in Coastland compared with normal pubescence.

Lee, J. A. 1985. Revision of the genetics of the hairiness-smoothness system of Gossypium. J. Hered. 76: 123-126. The symbols T and t, denoting trichomes, replace the earlier symbols of glabrousness, Sm and sm, and hirsute enhancing, H and h. Five loci were identified with the t₁ and t₂ loci each bearing six alleles; the t₃ locus, three alleles; and the t₄ and t₅ loci each bearing two alleles.

Lee, J. A. 1986. Effects of boll pilosity on some traits of 'Pima' cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 741-743. Boll pilosity (dense pubescence) resulted in significantly higher micronaire values (5.9 and 5.8 versus 5.0 and 5.3) than glabrous bolls in a genetic stock, E-2, of 'Pima' cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.).

Lee, J. A. 1987. Induction of adventitious shoots in cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 349-350. Adventitious buds were discovered in the upland cotton cultivar, 'Coker 201,' although the numbers were low. However, the primitive G. hirsutum cotton 'Orinoco' appeared to have a well-developed capacity for the generation of shoots from roots and/or stumps.

Leonard, B. R., J. E. Jones, and J. B. Graves. 1989. Heliothis spp. management in cotton utilizing host plant resistance in combination with selected insecticides. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 323-327. Yield and insect damage of La HG-660 [partially resistant to bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW)] and 'Deltapine 41' (DP41, susceptible to BW/TBW) were compared under three BW/TBW control regimes: larvicide, ovicide and no control. DP41 without BW/TBW control suffered significantly more BW/TBW damage than all other treatments. A larvicide in combination with La HG-660 was the most effective treatment for controlling BW/TBW damage, though not significantly more effective than a larvicide in combination with DP41. Lint yields of both strains were highest with a larvicide and lowest without insecticide. No strain x insecticide treatment interaction was observed for lint yield.

Li, R., D. M. Stelly, and N. L. Trolinder. 1989. Cytogenetic abnormalities in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cell cultures. Genome. 32: 1128-1134. Paired samples from cotton suspension cultures established from 21-month old 'Coker 312' and 8-month-old 'Coker 315' calli were pretreated or not pretreated with colchicine to detect cytogenetic abnormalities at metaphase or anaphase-telophase, respectively. Cell cultures established from both calli were found to vary in chromosome number. Hypoaneuploidy was common, but hyperaneuploidy and polyploidy were rare. Bridges at anaphase and telophase were frequent in the 'Coker 312' cultures but rare in the 'Coker 315' cultures. Cytogenetic differences between the cultures could be due to effects of culture age, genotype, their interaction, or other factors. The occurrence of hypoaneuploidy and bridges, including multiple bridges within single cells, is concordant with the hypothesis that breakage-fusion-bridge cycles may accumulate during in vitro culture of cotton.

Lott, E. J. and P. A. Fryxell. 1983. A new species of Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Brittonia 35: 34-36. Sicyos motozintlensis is described and illustrated.

McCall, Lloyd L. 1981. Multidirectional selection in upland cotton for three fiber properties. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Three long-term, selection studies were conducted through five cycles within genetically variable populations of cotton. One population was selected only for fiber length, another for fineness, and the last for strength. In each selection cycle, the upper and lower 10 percent of the plants in the population were selected; and selfed seed from those plants were bulked to form new high and low populations for subsequent tests and further selections. Response to selection for fiber length appeared to be linear, but more effective for shorter than for longer fiber. Even after four cycles of selection under enforced selfing, most populations possessed sufficient variability to show significant selection responses in the fifth selection cycle. Reverse selection was effective in most cases, but it also suggested that the first selection made for fiber length is the most important. Selections for longer fiber tended to result in lower lint yield, lint percentages, uniformity index, and delayed maturity; tending to increase were another measure of fiber length, fiber fineness, and fiber strength. Selections toward coarser fiber were generally effective through five cycles; whereas, those toward finer fiber apparently reached a limit after only two selections. One reverse selection for fiber fineness apparently greatly reduced the genetic variability of the trait. Selections for coarser fiber tended to result in shorter fiber and in higher uniformity index. All other traits (except earliness) displayed significant correlated responses, but no general trends in direction were evident. The fiber strength results have been published elsewhere (Crop Sci. 26:744-750. 1986) and are not duplicated here.

McCall, L. L., L. M. Verhalen, and R. W. McNew. 1982. Genotype-environment interaction study of lock tenacity in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 794-797. Sixteen cotton cultivars were grown in experiments under irrigation and on dryland at two Oklahoma locations over a 3-year period. The storm resistance trait, measured as "lock tenacity," was studied in genotype x environment interaction analyses over years for all four experiments, for the two irrigated tests, and for the two dryland tests. A number of genotype x environment interaction mean squares for lock tenacity were significant for both observed and log-transformed data; however, the magnitudes of the interaction variance components were relatively small compared to their respective cultivar components. Classifications into major boll-type categories and selections for the trait in one environment should be relatively stable in other environments. However, because the range of values observed was greater and because the separation of boll types was more distinct under irrigation, more effective selections for the trait are probably made under that situation.

McCall, L. L., L. M. Verhalen, and R. W. McNew. 1986. Multidirectional selection for fiber strength in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 744-750. This selection experiment for T₁ fiber strength was conducted through five cycles within a genetically variable population of cotton to investigate the direct and correlated responses to selection for that trait. The stronger-fibered 10 percent of the plants, as well as the weaker-fibered 10 percent, were selected within each population in each cycle. Selfed seed from selected plants were used to form new populations for testing and further selection. Selection for fiber strength was effective. After four cycles of selection under enforced self-pollination, half the populations still possessed sufficient genetic variability to show a sign