Altman,
D. W., P. A. Fryxell, and R. D. Harvey. 1993. Sydney
Cross Harland and Joseph B. Hutchinson: Pioneer botanists
and geneticists defining relationships in the cotton
genus. Huntia 9: [in press]. Biographical
accounts of two noted British cotton scientists whose
careers were intertwined, together with a documenting of
their papers held in the archives of the John Innes
Institute, Norwich, England.
Altman,
D. W., P. A. Fryxell, and C. R. Howell. 1987. Development
of a tissue culture method for collecting wild germplasm
of Gossypium. FAO/IBPGR Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 71:
14-15. A method was developed, using tissue culture
techniques under tropical field conditions, for
collecting vegetative specimens for propagation -- i.e.
using only readily available reagents like laundry bleach
and rubbing alcohol, and requiring no refrigeration or
special equipment.
Altman,
D. W., P. A. Fryxell, S. D. Koch, and C. R. Howell. 1990.
Gossypium germplasm conservation augmented by
tissue culture techniques for field collecting. Econ.
Bot. 44: 106-113. A reliable method is presented for
preserving vegetative samples under field conditions for
subsequent propagation. This method is especially
valuable when seeds are not available.
Altman,
D. W., D. M. Stelly, and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Introgression
of the glanded-plant and glandless-seed trait from
Gossypium sturtianum Willis into cultivated upland
cotton using ovule culture. Crop Sci. 27: 880-884. The
application of embryo rescue techniques are described to
increase the success of introgression. Introgression into
the BC4 was successful when conventional hybridizations
failed at BC1.
Ano,
G., J. Schwendiman, and A. E. Percival. 1983. Rapport de
mission en Equateur sur la preservation des ressources
genetiques du cotonnier. F.A.O.-I.B.P.G.R., AGR-PR 3/11,
Sept.-Oct. et December 1983. 42 pp. A collecting mission
to obtain seeds of the Gossypium spp., G.
barbadense, G. darwinii, and G.
klotzschianum.
Anthony,
W. S., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1988.
Neps in ginned lint: The effect of varieties, harvesting,
and ginning practices. Textile Res. J. 58: 633-640. The
effects of varieties, harvesting practices, and ginning
techniques on the nep content of ginned lint were
evaluated in a 2-year study in the Mississippi Delta.
Neps increased more with lint cleaning than with
harvesting practices or varieties. Two stages of lint
cleaning increased the neps in ginned lint from 15.9 to
36.2 neps/645 cm2 of web. The nep content was
not significantly related to the number of seedcoat
fragments, foreign matter, or grade.
Anthony,
W. S., W. R. Meredith, Jr., J. R. Williford, and G. J.
Mangialardi. 1988. Seed-coat fragments in ginned lint:
The effects of varieties, harvesting, and ginning
practices. Textile Research J. 58: 111-116. Weather,
varietal, harvesting, and ginning effects on seed-coat
fragment count and weight in ginned lint cotton were
evaluated in a 2-year study in the Mississippi Delta.
Harvest and lint cleaner treatments had little effect on
fragment count, while year and variety had strong
influences.
Banks,
J. C., L. M. Verhalen, G. W. Cuperus, and M. A. Karner
(ed.). 1992. Cotton production and pest management in
Oklahoma. Oklahoma Coop. Ext. Serv. Circ. E-883. This
manual contains 16 chapters on various aspects of cotton
production in Oklahoma. Its usefulness should also extend
onto the Rolling Plains of Texas. Several chapters
contain information related to cotton genetics and
breeding.
Bayles,
Melanie B. 1991. Two breeding studies: I. Trends in
cotton cultivars released over time by the Oklahoma
Agricultural Experiment Station; and II. Reconstitution
of the recurrent parent in cotton when backcrossing.
Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. In the
first study, 12 cotton cultivars, released by the
Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. between 1918 and 1982
inclusive, were evaluated to determine selection progress
over time in that cotton breeding program. Lint yield
increased 2.3 kg/ha each year under dryland conditions
and 3.3 kg under irrigation. A yield plateau for cotton
has not yet been reached in the state. Trends were also
evident for fiber length, strength, lint percentage, boll
size, weight of lint/boll, lint index, seed weight, lock
tenacity, and resistance to fusarium wilt/nematodes and
bacterial blight. No trends were noted for uniformity
index, micronaire, bur size, and resistance to
verticillium wilt. In the second study, after four
generations of backcrossing, significant differences were
detected between the BC4F4 and the
recurrent parent in only 18 of 90 comparisons, and 12 of
those were concentrated in 2 of the 6 families
investigated. Results indicated that the backcross method
can be a highly successful tool in cotton
breeding.
Beasley,
J. P. and J. E. Jones. 1985. The current status in the
development of resistance to the reniform nematode in
cotton in Louisiana. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res.
Conf., pp. 23-25. Different techniques to determine
resistance to reniform nematode were used to evaluate
Gossypium strains previously identified as
resistant and to evaluate various race stocks and
breeding lines. Visual examination and subjective rating
were not as effective in determining resistance as
evaluating nematode egg production. La. 434-1031, Texas
race stock 19 (TR19), and the day-neutral converted Texas
race stocks 19, 22, and 44 were identified as producing
significantly fewer reniform nematode eggs than the
'Deltapine 41' check.
Beasley,
J. P., J. E. Jones, and S. J. Stringer. 1984. Evaluation
of cotton genotypes for attractiveness to the boll weevil
for use in a trap crop situation. Proc. Beltwide Cotton
Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 368-369. Field tests were conducted
in 1982 and 1983 to identify cotton genotypes that were
more attractive to the boll weevil than common commercial
varieties. More attractive genotypes could be used in a
trap cropping system. Based on a combination of weevil
damaged squares and fruiting rate, La. E76C-3, La. 1363
Lsne, TX CAMD 21-S-81, and CAMD E were significantly more
attractive to boll weevils than the check variety,
Stoneville 213.
Bergey,
D. R., D. M. Stelly, H. J. Price, and T. D. McKnight.
1989. In situ hybridization of biotinylated DNA
probes to cotton meiotic chromosomes. Stain Tech. V. 64,
pp. 25-27. A modified procedure for in situ
hybridization of biotinylated probes to meiotic
chromosomes of cotton was developed with high retention
of squashed cells on slides, preservation of acid-fixed
chromosome morphology, exceptionally low levels of
background precipitate at nonspecific hybridization sites
and improved photomicrographic recording. Salient
features of the techniques include pretreatment of slides
before squashing, cold storage of squash preparations,
and use of interference filters for distinguishing
precipitate from chromatin. A cloned 18S/28S ribosomal
DNA fragment from soybean was biotinylated via
nick-translation and hybridization to microsporocyte
meiotic chromosomes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum
L. and G. hirsutum L. x G. barbadense L.).
Enzymatically formed precipitate from streptavidin-bound
peroxidase marked the in situ hybridization. Three
pairs of ISH sites were detected.
Bhat,
M. G., R. J. Kohel, and D. W. Altman. 1990. A study on
host plant resistance to bollworms (Heliothis
spp.) in cotton using tissue isogenic lines. J. Cotton
Res. Dev. 3: 140-146. Isolines of AET-5 with nectariless,
glabrous and okra leaf traits were evaluated for
Heliothis damage in unsprayed plots. The
combination of all three traits gave the highest degree
of protection and the normal parent the least. Green boll
damage showed the greatest differential
response.
Bowman,
D. T. and C. C. Green. 1991. Screening cotton germplasm
for Columbia lance and reniform nematode resistance.
Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf., pp. 551-552. One
hundred seventeen genotypes were screened in the
greenhouse for tolerance to Columbia lance nematodes. Of
29 genotypes determined to have tolerance in the
greenhouse, 11 were field tested and 6 showed field
tolerance to this nematode. Seven genotypes were grown in
reniform-infested soil and differential results were
obtained depending on initial infestation
levels.
Bowman,
D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1982. Inheritance studies of bract
size in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1041-1045. Bracts in upland
cotton have been implicated in byssinosis in textile mill
workers. Inheritance studies of bract size were conducted
prior to initiating a breeding program for reduced bract
size. In the first study, heritability was calculated
from regression of F3 plot means on
F2 plant values. Highly significant regression
and correlation coefficients of 0.69 and 0.75,
respectively, were computed for heritability estimates. A
second study included 7 parents, their 21 F1,
and 21 F2 progeny. Narrow- sense heritability
estimates indicated that bract size was primarily
additive although dominance gene effects contributed
significantly.
Bowman,
D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1983. Associations between bracts
and several agronomic traits in cotton. Crop Sci. 23:
565-568. A low ratio of bract surface area/lint weight
per boll would denote a low bract trash potential and may
denote a low byssinosis potential. The ratio of bract
surface area/lint weight per boll appeared to be
positively associated (genotypically) with 50 percent
span length, and negatively associated with fiber
micronaire and lint percent. These associations would
suggest that parents with high lint percent and parents
with small bracts should be selected. The potential
problem with fiber length and micronaire should be
considered in breeding cottons for low bract trash
potential.
Bowman,
D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1984. A diallel study of bract
surface area/lint weight per boll ratio in cotton. Crop
Sci. 24: 1137-1141. Additive effects were found to be
more important than dominance and epistasis effects in
the seven-parent diallel study. Narrow-sense heritability
estimates ranged from 0.20 to 0.92 and averaged 0.47,
indicating about one-half of the genetic variance was
additive in nature. Partial dominance was expressed at
most loci exhibiting dominance, and these dominant
alleles mostly affected smaller ratios. The high
significance of genotype-year interactions and
variability of heritability estimates suggest a need to
test selected lines over years.
Bridge,
R. R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1983. Comparative
performance of obsolete and current cotton cultivars.
Crop Sci. 23: 949-952. We evaluated 17 cultivars over a
2-year period to determine what genetic improvements the
new cultivars had over older ones. The average rate of
yield increase from 1910 through 1979 due to cultivar
improvements was found to be 9.5 kg/ha/year. The average
lint yields in Mississippi from 1910 through 1979 shows
that yields have actually increased at the rate of 8.62
kg/ha/year.
Brinkerhoff,
L. A., L. M. Verhalen, W. M. Johnson, M. Essenberg, and
P. E. Richardson. 1984. Development of immunity to
bacterial blight of cotton and its implications for other
diseases. Plant Dis. 68: 168-173. Immunity to bacterial
blight of cotton was developed by combining several
single-gene resistance factors onto a polygenic
resistance background. The initial breeding procedure
involved backcrossing, with the recurrent parent
possessing the polygenic resistance; screening the
segregating progeny after each backcross with a
compatible mixture of virulent races of the pathogen; and
selfing the selected plants. Pedigree breeding with
continued screening and selfing was employed in later
generations. In experiments subsequently conducted in
many cotton-growing areas of the world, this immunity
remained stable for more than 20 years. The likelihood is
advanced that similar breeding and screening procedures
would prove useful for deriving long-term immunity in
other disease/crop complexes.
Brown,
M. S., S. A. Naqi, M. Y. Menzel, and D. M. Stelly. 1985.
Knob-6, a cytological marker for chromosome 6 of
Gossypium hirsutum L. J. of Hered. 76: 25-216. A
cytological marker consisting of a knob of extra
chromatin at the end of one arm of a large chromosome was
discovered in homozygous condition in a strain of cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) from Uganda. That the knobbed
chromosome was large suggested that it belonged to the A
genome. Tests with translocations involving A-genome
chromosomes localized the knob to chromosome 6. The knob
greatly reduced chiasma formation in the arm bearing it
but not in the other arm or in other chromosomes. Knob-6
is a useful marker because it is easily maintained in
homozygous condition by self-pollination and is readily
discerned cytologically.
Bryson,
C. T., McCarty, J. C., Jr., Jenkins, J. N., and Parrott,
W. L. 1983. Frequency of pigment glands and capitate and
covering trichomes in nascent leaves of selected cottons.
Crop Sci. 23: 369-371. Frequency of pigment glands, and
covering and capitate trichomes on the laminae of nascent
terminal leaves of 29 cotton strains were evaluated.
Frequency of glands and of each of the two types of
trichomes seemed to be independent of one
another.
Buranaviriyakul,
Sunthorn. 1980. Evaluation of partial vs. complete
diallel crosses in upland cotton, Gossypium
hirsutum L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State
University. Griffing's complete diallel design was
compared to the factorial partial diallel (FPD) design 4
with four crosses (FPD4) per line and the circulant
partial diallel (CPD) design with sample sizes (= number
of crosses per line) of three (CPD3) and five (CPD5).
Points of comparison included detection of GCA and SCA,
estimates of narrow- and broad-sense heritabilities and
of average degree of dominance, selection of lines based
on relative GCA effects, and relative magnitudes of the
average standard errors of the difference of GCA effects.
The Jinks- Hayman method of analyzing a complete diallel
was compared to Griffing's analysis on the basis of
detection of additive and dominance variation and on the
relative size of their estimates of heritability and
degree of dominance. Computer simulations were used to
study the distribution of estimates of heritability and
average degree of dominance and the relationships of
those estimates between the complete vs. partial
diallels. Because of space limitations, results are not
reported here.
Burandt,
C. L. Jr. and P. A. Fryxell. 1990. A reappraisal of
Abutilon reflexum (Malvaceae) and its allies.
Syst. Bot. 15: 49-56. A critical analysis of a group of
four red-flowered species of Abutilon from western
South America.
Burke,
H. R., W. E. Clark, J. R. Cate, and P. A. Fryxell. 1986.
Origin and dispersal of the boll weevil. Bull. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 32: 228-238. Knowledge of the origin and
dispersal of the boll weevil is summarized, including its
alternate host plants, its probable tropical origin, and
its historical spread as a cotton pest.
Butler,
G. D., Jr., T. J. Henneberry, and F. D. Wilson. 1986.
Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) on cotton:
adult activity and cultivar oviposition preference. J.
Econ. Entomol. 79: 350-354. In a greenhouse study, among
six normal-leaf, okra-leaf paired isolines, one okra-leaf
isoline had fewer adult whiteflies, two had more, and the
other three did not differ significantly from the
respective normal-leaf counterparts. Stoneville 825
Smoothleaf harbored fewer adults than did the
semi-smoothleaf or hirsute isolines. When half of a
normally hirsute Stoneville 825 leaf was shaved with an
electric shaver, it supported fewer whitefly adults and
eggs than did the unshaved half.
Butler,
G. D., Jr. and F. D. Wilson. 1984. Activity of adult
whiteflies (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) within plantings of
different cotton strains and cultivars as determined by
sticky-trap catches. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 1137-1140.
Among eight lines in AET-5 background, carrying all
combinations of nectariless, smoothleaf, and okra leaf
and their normal counterparts, only the smoothleaf
combinations averaged fewer sweetpotato and bandedwinged
whiteflies. However, AET-5 smoothleaf and various lines
in DES 24 and DES 56 backgrounds carrying nectariless,
okra leaf, or semi- smoothleaf did not have fewer
whiteflies than the control cultivar, Deltapine
61.
Butler,
G. D., Jr., F. D. Wilson, and G. Fishler. 1991. Cotton
leaf trichomes and populations of Empoasca lybica
(Homoptera:Cicadellidae) and Bemisia tabaci
(Homoptera:Aleyrodidae). Plant Prot. 10: 461-464.
Leafhopper (Empoasca lybica) and whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci) populations were observed on 31
cotton entries planted at Bet She'an, Israel. Leafhopper
populations decreased while whitefly populations
increased as the number of leaf trichomes increased.
Various management strategies to deal with this dilemma
are discussed.
Butler,
G. D., Jr., F. D. Wilson, and T. J. Henneberry. 1985.
Cotton leaf crumple virus disease in Okra-leaf and
normal-leaf cottons. J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 1500-1502.
Cotton crumple leaf virus is transmitted by the
sweetpotato whitefly. Five normal-leaf cultivars and
their okra-leaf isolines were infected as seedlings.
Infected plants were 25 percent shorter, produced 47
percent fewer bolls, and 50 percent lower seedcotton
yields than the control plants. Disease symptoms were
expressed less in two okra-leaf isolines, but yields were
not higher than in the respective normal-leaf
cultivars.
Calhoun,
D. Steve. 1993. Near-term contribution of plant
resistance to cotton pest management in S. A.
Harrison (ed.). Proc. La. Assn. Agron., Alexandria, LA,
10-12 Mar. 1992. LA State Univ. [in press]. The
effects of various morphological and physiological traits
(including reduced pubescence, nectariless, frego bract,
high flower bud gossypol gland density, and early
maturity) on insect damage are reviewed, and current or
experimental varieties expressing those traits are
listed. Data from field tests of Bt cottons in Louisiana
are presented. Resistance to root-knot nematode in
experimental strains and 'Stoneville LA887' is also
discussed.
Calhoun,
D. S., J. E. Jones. E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, B. R.
Leonard, S. H. Moore, and W. Aguillard. 1992. Breeding
insect resistant cottons for Louisiana. Louisiana Agric.
35: 20-22. Long-term performance of four experimental
insect resistant strains is presented. Strains included
LA850082 (frego bract, nectariless), LA850075 [frego
bract, high flower bud gossypol gland density (HG)],
LA870210 (HG), and LA870222 (HG). With the exception of
LA850075 compared to 'DES 119,' these strains yielded
from 6 to 16 percent more lint than 'Deltapine 41' (DP41)
and DES 119, averaged over from 12 to 34 tests. The frego
bract strains suffered less than half as much
bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage, and less than
one-third as much boll weevil damage as DP41. LA870210
and LA870222 suffered 33 and 25 percent less BW/TBW
damage than did DP41.
Cathey,
G. W. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1988. Cotton response to
planting date and mepiquat chloride. Agron. J. 80:
463-466. The response of five cultivars at three planting
dates to mepiquat chloride (MC) was measured in 1982,
1983, and 1984 at Stoneville, MS. For yield and fiber
properties, no major interaction for cultivar x planting
date or cultivar x MC interaction was detected. However,
an MC x planting date interaction was evident. MC caused
a 4.5 percent reduction in lint yield from the mid-April
plantings, and 5.4 and 12.7 percent yield increase for
the early-May and late-May plantings, respectively. These
studies indicated that MC application would be most
beneficial in late-planted cotton, which tends to produce
more vegetative growth than earlier plantings.
Chan,
B. G., A. C. Waiss, Jr., V. Sevacharian, F. D. Wilson,
and B. W. George. 1982. Allelochemical inhibition of
larval growth of pink bollworm. Proc. Beltwide Cotton
Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 133-135. Antibiotic activity on the
larval growth of pink bollworm was found in non-polar and
polar extracts of carpel walls from 14-day-old bolls of
Gossypium arboreum var. sanguineum. This
activity was attributed to the presence of terpene
aldehydes in the boll glands.
Chan,
B. G. and F. D. Wilson. 1988. A new coumarin in cotton.
Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 106-107. A new
coumarin, scoparone [6,7-dimethoxycoumarin], was
found in ammonia-stressed Pima cotton stems along with
scopoletin which had been discovered previously. Neither
compound showed biological activity against pink bollworm
or cotton bollworm.
Chan,
B. G., F. D. Wilson, N. Mahoney, and M. J. Lukefahr.
1988. A holistic approach to study HPR in cotton. Proc.
Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 100-105. The
Heliothis complex overcomes cotton allelochemical
defense because: (1) neonate larvae feed on floral
primordial tissue, containing little secondary plant
products; (2) larvae become more tolerant as they grow
older; (3) larvae have the ability to recover rapidly
from the ill effects of allelochemicals. Allelochemicals,
in order to be more effective, must be turned on earlier
so as to be available at feeding sites of the younger,
more susceptible larvae.
Cherry,
J. P., R. J. Kohel, L. A. Jones, and W. H. Powell. 1986.
Food and feeding quality of cottonseed. Cotton Physiol.
No. 1. Sec. V., Special Topics, Ch. 37, pp. 557-595. A
comprehensive review of research on the use and potential
use of cottonseed in food and feed
applications.
Cornish,
K., J. W. Radin, E. L. Turcotte, Z. Lu, and E. Zeiger.
1991. Enhanced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of
Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) bred for
increased yield. Plant Physiol. 97: 484-489. Gas exchange
properties of six Pima cotton lines that differ in yield
response to heat stress indicated that selection for high
yield has been accompanied by increased photosynthetic
capacity and stomatal conductance, and altered diurnal
regulations of photosynthesis.
Culp,
T. W. 1981. Lint yield and fiber quality improvements in
PD lines of upland cotton. South Carolina Agric. Exp.
Sta. Tech. Bull. 1081. Eight experimental lines of upland
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with unusual
combinations of lint yield, fiber, and spinning
properties were developed. Most lines produced lint yield
equal to or superior to the commercial check cultivars,
Coker 201, Coker 310, and SC-1. Several of the
high-yielding lines were superior to SC-1 and PD 2165 in
fiber and yarn strength and resistance to the fusarium
wilt-rootknot nematode complex. PD 4548 has an unusually
high lint percentage, uniformity ratio, and wide
adaptation for a high-strength cotton.
Culp,
T. W. 1981. Registration of Pee Dee 4548 germplasm line
of cotton. Crop Sci. 21: 992. Pee Dee 4548, an improved
germplasm line of upland cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum L.) was released by USDA-ARS and the South
Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station in 1981. Pee Dee
4548 possesses high yield potential, high fiber and yarn
strength, unusually high lint percentage, and wide
adaptation.
Culp,
T. W. 1982. The present state of the art and science of
cotton breeding for fiber quality. p. 99-111. in
J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf.,
Las Vegas, NV. 3-7 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis,
TN. The history, importance, inheritance, and breeding
methods to improve fiber quality were summarized.
Breeding for both improved lint yield and fiber quality
in the Pee Dee cotton breeding program is summarized. The
importance of linkage versus pleitropy in the negative
genetic correlation between lint yield and fiber strength
is discussed.
Culp,
T. W. 1985. Lectures presented to Chinese researchers at
the Cotton Research Institute, Anyang (Henan Province),
Peoples Republic of China in September 1984. Publ. by
USDA NTIS (National Technical Information System).
Results of an academic exchange on germplasm development
between U.S. and Chinese researchers are summarized.
Topics include cotton production history in the U.S.,
breeding cotton for yield, fiber quality, and insect
resistance, hybrid cotton, influence of yield components
on lint yield of high fiber strength cotton, maintenance
of varieties, and the effect of planting date and
cultivar on late-season insects and yield of
cotton.
Culp,
T. W. and C. C. Green. 1988. Some considerations in the
development of cottons with extra-fiber strength. p.
131-133. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton
Prod. Res. Conf., New Orleans, LA. 3-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton
Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. A simple breeding method of
pedigree selection for high yield and fiber strength in
populations derived from crossing PD germplasm with
commercial cultivars produced 11 superior genotypes.
Comparison of progeny from crosses between current and
obsolete PD parents suggest that genetic linkages between
lint yield and fiber strength have been broken. Crosses
of Chinese and PD cottons failed to produce selections
equivalent to the cultivars PD-1 or PD-3 in fiber
quality. Breeding procedures other than single crosses
followed by pedigree selection will be necessary to
simultaneously improve lint yield and fiber quality in
populations derived from PD germplasm and highly diverse
upland cottons.
Culp,
T. W. and R. F. Moore. 1987. Performance of Chinese and
U.S. cottons. p. 115-117. in J. M. Brown (Ed.)
Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Dallas, TX. 4-8 Jan.
Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Three U.S.
cultivars, Coker 315, DeltaPine 50, and PD-3, along with
three Chinese cultivars, Jimian 8, Ering 92, and 86-1
were compared for yield and fiber quality at Florence,
SC. The Chinese cultivars produced similar yields to the
U.S. cultivars, but fiber length and fiber strength of
Chinese cultivars was inferior to U.S.
cultivars.
Culp,
T. W., R. F. Moore, L. H. Harvey, and J. B. Pitner. 1988.
Registration of 'PD-3' cotton. Crop Sci. 28:190. The
cultivar PD-3 developed by USDA-ARS and the South
Carolina Experiment Station was released in 1987 as a
replacement for 'PD-1.' PD-3 has wider adaptation, higher
lint yield potential, stronger fiber, higher yarn
tenacity, and fewer neps.
Culp,
T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1984. Simultaneous
improvement of lint yield and fiber strength in cotton.
South Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1090. Seven
germplasm lines of upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
cotton with unusual combinations of lint yield, fiber,
and spinning properties were developed. The seven
germplasm lines produced lint yields equal to the check
cultivars Coker 201, Coker 310, and SC-1. Two PD lines
had higher fiber strength than SC-1 and PD 2165, and all
seven had higher yarn strength. These findings indicate
that a new level in fiber quality has been reached in the
PD material.
Culp,
T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1985. Registration
of 'PD-1' cotton. Crop Sci. 25:198. 'PD-1' cotton,
developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural
Experiment Station, was released in 1984 as a replacement
for 'SC-1.' SC-1 was the first cultivar in South Carolina
with extra-fiber strength genes of triple hybrid origin
that yielded similar to commercial cultivars. Compared
with SC-1, PD-1 has higher lint yield, stronger fiber,
and better resistance to the fusarium wilt-rootknot
nematode complex.
Culp,
T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1985. Registration
of seven germplasm lines of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 25:
201-202. Seven germplasm lines of upland (Gossypium
hirsutum L.) cotton developed by USDA-ARS and the
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station were
released. The germplasm lines combine high-yield
potential, extra fiber strength, wide adaptation, and
unusual combinations of fiber properties.
Dani,
R. G. and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Effects of time on boll set
on seed-oil content in cotton. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 57:
391-394. The effect of boll set on seed-oil content was
determined by weekly measures over a 6-week period.
Performance was most consistent in the first 3 to 4 weeks
of bolling. Significant differences and interactions were
found with the weekly measurements.
Dani,
R. G. and R. J. Kohel. 1989. Maternal effects and
generation mean analysis of seed-oil content in cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 77:
569-575. Four lines in P1 , P2,
F0, F1, F2,
BC1 and BC2 generations with
reciprocal cross combinations were analyzed. Significant
maternal, non-cytoplasmic effects were found. Genetic
components and their interactions were
measured.
Dobson,
S. L. S. 1983. Selection for drought resistance in cotton
utilizing stomatal resistance measurements. M. S. Thesis,
Oklahoma State University. A two-way selection study for
stomatal resistance was conducted within 16 F2
populations of cotton to determine what proportion of the
selected differences were transmitted to the
F3 and to study indirect effects on agronomic
and fiber quality characteristics. Direct selection was
generally ineffective. Only one population displayed a
significant and positive response. Indirect selection
response in that population revealed a reduction in lint
percentage and an increase in fiber strength (at the 0.20
prob. level). Based on these results, this method of
screening for drought resistance is probably not of value
to cotton breeders.
Eissa,
A. M., J. N. Jenkins, and C. E. Vaughan. 1983.
Inheritance of seedling root length and relative root
weight in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 1107-1111. Using the
standard cotton cool temperature (18 °C) germination
test, 124 day-neutral composite F3 strains
were evaluated for root length and relative root weight.
Genetic analysis of five strains indicated that selection
should be delayed to the F3 to allow
recombination of epistatic genes to occur. Recurrent
selection is suggested as a breeding method that should
be applicable to developing plants with long roots with a
high relative root weight.
Endrizzi,
J. E. and R. Nelson. 1989. Linkage analysis and arm
location of the open bud (ob1) and
yellow petal (Y2) loci in chromosome 18
of cotton. Genome. 32: 1041-1043. It was shown that the
open bud and yellow petal genes are located,
respectively, on the short and long arms of chromosome
18. The ob1 gene is 3.4 and the
Y2 gene is 8 map units from the
centromere; thus the two loci are at least 11 map units
apart.
Endrizzi,
J. E. and G. Ramsay. 1980. Identification of 10
chromosome deficiencies of cotton. J. Hered. 71: 45-48.
Monosomes for chromosomes 9, 10, 12, 20, and 25 and
telosomes for chromosomes 5, 14, 20, and 26 have been
identified. Twenty-six marker genes were tested in
different combinations with the chromosome deficiencies
and the results showed the following associations;
chromosome 3 and fg (linkage group VI), chromosome
5 and P1 (XI), chromosome 12 and
N1gl
1bw1ne 1
(V), chromosome 18 Y1ob (XVI),
and chromosome 26 and n2gl
3ne2 (IX). Genetic results
establish that chromosomes 12 and 26 are
homeologs.
Endrizzi,
J. E. and G. Ramsay. 1983. Inheritance of the
H1, H2, and
Sm2 genes in cotton. Crop Sci. 23:
449-452. Used aneuploids to show that the
H1 and Sm2 genes also
are located 4 map units from the centromere in the long
arm of chromosome 6. F2 populations of
the three crosses of H1 x
H2, H1 x
Sm2 , and Sm2 x
H2 and found that the three genes
segregated as alleles.
Endrizzi,
J. E. and D. T. Ray. 1991. Linkage analysis of open bud
(ob2) and yellow petal
(Y1) loci in chromosome 18 of cotton.
Genome. 34: 461-463. In this study ob2
and Y1 were found to have a mean
recombination percentage of 3.14 for backcross and 3.40
for self-pollinated families from 2n parental
heterzygotes and 10.73 in families from mono-18 parental
heterzygotes.
Endrizzi,
J. E. and D. T. Ray. 1992. Mapping of the
cl1 R1,
yg1, and Dw loci in the long arm
of chromosome 16 of cotton. J. Hered. 83: 1-5. The four
loci are in the long arm of chromosome 16 and, including
the centromere, the map order and map distances between
loci were determined to be: centromere 30.0 ± 6.3
cl1 18.6 ± 1.3
R1 19.8 ± 1.4
yg1 33.8 ± 1.6 Dw.
Endrizzi,
J. E., D. T. Ray, and A. C. Gathman. 1983. Centromere
orientation of quadrivalents of heterozygous
translocations and an autoploid of Gossypium
hirsutum L. Genetics 105: 723-731. Cytological
observations of quadrivalents of heterzygous
translocations demonstrate that, in addition to
alternate-1 and alternate-2 orientations, a third
alternate orientation (alternate-3), which occurs as a
three-dimensional, V-type configuration, can be
identified.
Endrizzi,
J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1984. Cytology,
Genetics, and Evolution of Gossypium. Cotton.
Amer. Soc. Agron. Ch. 4, pp. 81-129. A review of cotton
qualitative genetics and cytogenetics of
cotton.
Endrizzi,
J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1984. Qualitative
genetics, cytology, and cytogenetics. Cotton Amer. Soc.
Agron. 24: 81-129. A review of qualitative genetics,
cytology, and cytogenetics of cotton is presented.
Endrizzi,
J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1985. Genetics,
cytology and evolution of Gossypium. Advances in
Genetics. 23: 271-375. A comprehensive review of the
published information on the cytology, genetics, and
evolution of Gossypium is presented.
Feaster,
C. V. and E. L. Turcotte. 1983. Notice to growers
relative to release of a commercial variety of American
Pima cotton, 'Pima S-6.' USDA, and Ariz., New Mex., and
Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Memo. 3p. and Registration of Pima
S-6 cotton. (Reg. No. 81). Crop Sci. 24: 382. 1984. Pima
S-6 was released as a replacement for 'Pima S-5' in a
major portion of the Pima cotton belt. The advantages of
Pima S-6 are earlier maturity and higher
yield.
Flint,
H. M., N. J. Curtice, and F. D. Wilson. 1986. A
comparison of related nectaried and nectariless cottons
for control of the pink bollworm in field plots treated
with gossyplure, insecticide, or untreated. J. Agric.
Entomol. 3: 362-368. The nectariless Deltapine NSL had
significantly fewer pink bollworm per boll and yielded 23
percent more lint than the control cultivar, Deltapine
61, in untreated plots. Pink bollworm infestation was
lowest in insecticide-treated plots, intermediate in
untreated plots, and highest in gossyplure-treated plots.
Lint yield was highest in insecticide-treated plots, but
not significantly different in untreated and
gossyplure-treated plots.
Flint,
H. M., N. J. Curtice, and F. D. Wilson. 1988. Development
of pink bollworm populations (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on
nectaried and nectariless Deltapine cottons in field
cages. Environ. Entomol. 17: 306-308. Seasonal increases
in populations of pink bollworm, from moths released in
separate cages of nectaried 'Deltapine 61' and
nectariless 'Deltapine NSL,' were 21-fold for the
nectaried cultivar and 15-fold for the nectariless one, a
highly significant reduction for the latter.
Flint,
H. M., N. J. Parks, D. L. Hendrix, F. D. Wilson, and J.
W. Radin. Whitefly population growth in cotton. A 3-year
study in Maricopa, Arizona. USDA-ARS-93. Sweetpotato
whitefly is a late-season pest of cotton at Maricopa.
Reproduction on cotton is associated with water-stressed
plants following irrigation termination. The initial
source of the late season adult whiteflies, which are
assumed to be immigrants, is unknown. A control measure
would be to chemically defoliate the plants as soon as
possible after irrigation is terminated.
Flint,
H. M., F. D. Wilson, and N. J. Parks. 1989. Causes of
square shed in cotton in central Arizona. Southw.
Entomol. 14: 271-278. Square shed in WC-12NL, a
nectariless, okra-leaf germplasm line, was compared with
that in the nectaried, normal-leaf cultivar, Deltapine
61. Causes of square shed were (1) physiological stress;
(2) thrips; (3) lygus bugs; (4) bollworms. WC-12NL set 23
percent more squares than Deltapine 61 in early season.
Over the season, WC-12NL shed more squares caused by
physiological stress, and shed fewer due to thrips damage
than did Deltapine 61. Abnormal (4-bract) squares on
Deltapine 61, but not on WC- 12NL, had greater feeding
damage caused by thrips than did normal (3-bract)
squares.
Flint,
H. M., F. D. Wilson, N. J. Parks, R. Y. Reynoso, B. R.
Stapp, and J. L. Szaro. 1992. Suppression of pink
bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and effect on
beneficial insects of nectariless okra-leaf germplasm
line. Bull. Entomol. Res. 82: 379-384. At two locations
over three seasons, boll infestations of pink bollworm
were significantly lower on the nectariless, okra-leaf
germplasm line WC-12NL than on the nectaried, normal-leaf
Deltapine 61. The numbers of Lygus spp. and three
beneficial insects were not different on the two cottons.
Collops beetle numbers were higher on WC-12NL, while lady
beetle numbers were higher on Deltapine 61.
Foster,
J. David, Jr. 1987. Prometryn tolerance of glanded vs.
glandless isolines in selected cotton cultivars. M. S.
Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Experiments were
conducted in a growth chamber to compare the prometryn
tolerance of glanded vs. glandless 'Empire 61 (WR)' and
'Westburn M' isolines. Two intermediately glanded Empire
isolines
(Gl2Gl2gl3gl3
and
gl2gl2Gl3Gl3)
were also available. Ratios derived from leaf
fluorescence measurement curves established that
photosynthetic inhibition caused by prometryn in glanded
plants was of less intensity and shorter duration than in
glandless plants. Comparisons involving the
intermediately glanded Empire isolines suggested that
Gl2 enhances tolerance more than does
Gl3. Glanded vs. glandless isolines on
five genetic backgrounds (i.e., Empire 61 (WR), Westburn
M, 'Delcot 277,' 'TH 149,' and 'Stoneville 213') plus the
two intermediate Empire isolines were also evaluated for
prometryn tolerance in the field. Visual injury ratings
and measured lint yields support the growth chamber data.
The treated glanded isoline on each background displayed
less injury (20 to 56 percent) and higher yield (44 to 60
percent) than the corresponding glandless isoline. Again,
Gl2 showed less injury than
Gl3, though differences in lint yield
were not significant. Clearly, lysigenous glands enhance
prometryn tolerance in cotton, and higher gland density
is directly associated with increased tolerance.
Foy,
C. D., J. E. Jones, and H. W. Webb. 1980. Adaptation of
cotton genotypes to and acid, aluminum toxic soil. Agron.
J. 72: 833-839. Fifty-four cotton genotypes were
screened for Al tolerance in greenhouse pots of an acid,
Al-toxic Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, typic
Hapludult) with pH adjusted to approximately 4.8 or 5.3
with CaCO. Tolerance was measured as relative
growth in lower vs. higher pH. Genotypes showing greatest
tolerance to acid subsoil included 'Pima S-2,' 'Acala
4-42,' La DASS 5194, La DASS 5187, 'Stoneville 213,'
'Delcot 277,' 'McNair 612,' and 'Dixie King 3.' More
sensitive genotypes included 'Auburn 56,' 'Coker 201,'
'Deltapine 16' and several experimental
lines.
Foy,
C. D., H. W. Webb, and J. E. Jones. 1981. Adaptation of
cotton genotypes to an acid, Manganese toxic soil. Agron.
J. 73: 107-111. Sixty-five cotton genotypes were screened
in greenhouse pots of an acid (pH 5.1), Mn-toxic Grenada
(fine silty, mixed, thermic, typic, Fragiudalffs) silt
loam. Nine of these genotypes, plus two from Brazil, were
compared on the same soil at pH 5.1 vs. pH 6.9. Genotypes
showing the greatest resistance included C-310,73-307;
LaDSIS 12513; and LaDASB 12609. Manganese sensitive
genotypes included C-Sgl,70-517; C-417-2912; and Coker
201.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1980. A new species of Hampea (Malvaceae)
from El Salvador. Syst. Bot. 5: 442-444. Hampea
reynae is described and illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1981. Revision and expansion of the neotropical
genus Wercklea (Malvaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 62:
457-486. The 12 species of Wercklea are described,
illustrated and discussed in detail. They occur in
Central America, the West Indies, and northwestern South
America, i.e. around the periphery of the Caribbean
Sea.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1982. Billieturnera (Malvaceae), a new genus
from Texas and Mexico. Sida 9: 195-200. A distinctive new
genus is recognized with one species occurring in saline
habitats in southern Texas and northeastern
Mexico.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1983. Very peronal generic names (nomina
perpropria): A contribution to whimsical botany. Sida 10:
95-102. A survey and analysis is made of generic names of
angiosperms honoring individuals based on their full
names (given name and surname) which is found to be a
long-standing and continuing practice.
Fryxell.
P. A. 1984. Evolucion de las especies cultivadas de
algodon. Ceiba 25: 156-163. Evolution in Gossypium
is discussed in broad outline, with particular attention
to the origin of the cultivated species.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1984. Four new species of Malvaceae from Mexico.
Syst. Bot. 9: 415-422. Pavonia discolor, Periptera
ctenotricha, Robinsonellachiangii, and Dirhamphis
mexicanaare described and illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1984. La evoluciùn de las especies
cultivadas de algodùn. Ceiba 25: 156-163. A
semi-popular account, in Spanish, of evolution in
Gossypium, with special reference to the
cultivated species, taken from a talk given to a workshop
in Central America.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1984. Rojasimalva (Malvacea), un nuevo
genero de Venezuela. Ernstia 28: 11-14. A new genus is
recognized with one species occurring in
Venezuela.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1984. Taxonomy and germplasm resources.A Cotton
Monograph, Amer. Soc. Agron. Monograph Ser. # 24. Chapter
2, pp. 27-57. The taxonomy of Gossypium is
summarized, including botanical descriptions of all of
the known species, and a discussion of the range of
variation available in the genus. Against this
background, the history and development of cotton
germplasm collections is discussed, followed by a
consideration of examples of the successful utilization
of these resources.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1985. Additional novelties in Mexican Malvaceae.
Syst. Bot. 10: 268-272. Horsfordia exalata,
Robinsonella glabrifolia,and Abutilon procerum
are described and illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1985. Four new species of Malvaceae from Venezuela.
Syst. Bot. 10: 273-281. Abutilothamnus yaracuyensis,
Batesimalva killipii, Dendrosida wingfieldii, and
Peltaea krapovickasiorum are described and
illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1985. Sidus sidarum V. The North and Central
American species of Sida. Sida 11: 62-91. The 42
species of Sida that occur in North and Central
America (incl. the West Indies) are treated and sorted
into 11 sections of the genus. The sectional divisions
are applicable on a world-wide basis.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1985. Up with diversity. BioScience 36: 735-737.
Presidential address to the American Society of Plant
Taxonomists, discussing problems and trends in the
education of the next generation of systematic
botanists.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1986. "The Cotton Gazetteer" by Arlen W. Frank.
Econ. Bot. 40: 251-252. Book review of an interesting
summarization of cotton statistics world-wide.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1986. Ecological adaptations in Gossypium
species. in Mauney, J. R. and J. M. Stewart
(eds.), Cotton Physiology, The Cotton Foundation,
Memphis, TN. Ch. 1, pp. 1-7. The wild species of cotton
are adapted to a wide array of ecological habitats. The
adaptations to these ecological factors that have evolved
in the various species are described, to indicate the
range of germplasm available in the genus
Gossypium and to indicate the physiological
background against which studies of the physiology of the
cultivated species can be understood.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1988. "Charles Wright on the boundary, 1849-1852,
or Plantae Wrightianae revisited" by Elizabeth A. Shaw.
Econ. Bot. 42: 53. Book review of a detailed analysis of
the life and work of an important plant collector, at
least with that portion of his career when he worked on
the U.S. - Mexican border.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1988. The genus Pavonia in Australia.
Nuytsia 6: 305-308. A review of what is known of the
three species of Pavonia that have been recorded
from Australia.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1988. Malvaceae of Mexico. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25:
1-522. A book-length illustrated monograph on the 55
genera and over 370 species of Malvaceae that occur in
Mexico. A treatment of the 14 species of Gossypium
that occur in the country is included, as well as
treatments of other genera of the cotton tribe:
Hampea (11 Mexican species), Cienfuegosia
(3 Mexican species), and Thespesia (1 Mexican
species).
Fryxell,
P. A. 1990. Malvaceae. Flora of Chipas, Calif. Acad.
Sci., San Francisco, CA. pp 1- 86. A treatment of the 35
genera and 129 species of Malvaceae that occur in
Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Selected
species are illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1990. New species of Malvaceae from South America.
Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 163-172. Briquetia
brasiliensis, Nototriche ecuadoriensis, Pavonia
falconensis, Pavonia insperabilis,and Urocarpidium
stipulatum are described and mostly
illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. 1992. A revised taxonomic interpretation of
Gossypium. Rheedea 2: 108-165. An updated account
of current understanding of the taxonomy of
Gossypium, taking into account several recently
described species and newly acquired data relevant to
classification in the genus. The classification into
subgenera, sections and subsections is revised, and one
new section and one new species are described, bringing
the total number of species to 50.
Fryxell,
P. A., L. A. Craven, and J. M. Stewart. 1992. A revision
of Gossypium sect. Grandicalyx, including
the description of six new species. Syst. Bot. 17:
91-114. The 11 species of this group are from the
Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. Their history
and ecological context are fully discussed; the species
are described and their distributions mapped; chromosome
counts (all 2n=26) are reported for seven of the species;
and six new species are described and illustrated: G.
enthyle, G. exiguum, G. londonderriense, G. marchantii,
G. nobile, and G.rotundifolium.
Fryxell,
P. A. and S. D. Koch. 1987. New or noteworthy species
from the Sierra del Sur of Guerrero and Michoacçn,
Mexico. Aliso 11: 539-561. A description of several new
species from Mexico, including Gossypium
schwendimanii, together with commentary on these and
other noteworthy collections and illustrations of the new
species.
Fryxell,
P. A. and S. D. Koch. 1991. Pavonia ecostata
(Malvaceae), a new species from Jalisco, Mexico. The new
species is described and illustrated.
Fryxell,
P. A. and A. Krapovickas. 1986. Proposal to conserve
Peltaea against Peltostegia. Taxon 35: 389-390. A
proposal [subsequently approved] to stabilize a
nomenclatural matter in the Malvaceae.
Fryxell,
P. A. and A. Krapovickas. 1990. The Malvaceae published
by Turczaninow. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 173-182.
An analysis of the 58 names published Malvaceae by N. S.
Turczaninow (1796-1864), including two new generic names,
based on an examination of the specimens studied by him
that are kept at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in
Kiev.
Fryxell,
P. A. and J. Valdes. Observations on Fryxellia
pygmaea (Malvaceae). Sida 14: 399-404. The
rediscovery of this rare plant in central Coahiula is
noted, and observations are presented on its ecology,
chromosome number (2n=16), and probable taxonomic
affinities.
Fryxell,
P. A., J. Valdes, and J. A. Vallarreal. 1991. A new
species of Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae) from Coahiula,
Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 36: 358-360.
Sphaeralcea reflexa is described and illustrated
and its chromosome number (2n=20) reported.
Fryxell,
P. A. and F. D. Wilson. 1986. Clarification of the status
of Hibiscus (sect. Furcaria) uncinellus DC.
(Malvaceae). Brittonia 38: 107-110. H. uncinellus,
a vigorous, red-flowered vine of Mexico, has been
confused with H. bifurcatus Cav., a pink-flowered
shrub of Central and South America.
George,
B. W. and F. D. Wilson. 1983. Pink bollworm: Effects of
natural infestation on upland and Pima cottons untreated
and treated with insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 76:
1152-1155. The economic level of seed damage caused to
cotton by pink bollworm was 3 to 10 percent in the
susceptible upland cultivar, Deltapine 61; 5 to 17
percent in the susceptible Pima cultivar, Pima S- 5; and
above 17 percent in the resistant upland breeding stock,
AET-5. Over 3 seasons, lint yields in unsprayed plots
were 84 percent (Deltapine 61), 73 percent (Pima S-5),
and 101 percent (AET-5) of yields in insecticide-treated
plots.
George,
B. W., F. D. Wilson, and R. L. Wilson. 1983. Methods of
evaluating cotton for resistance to pink bollworm, cotton
leafperforator, and lygus bugs. So. Coop. Ser. Bull. 280.
pp. 41-45. A review of the host-plant resistance methods
used at the Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix,
Arizona.
Girma,
Bedada. 1981. Breeding behavior of tufted seed in crosses
involving two tufted lines and three commercial cotton
cultivars. M. S. Thesis. University of Arkansas. Seed
tip-fuzz inheritance was examined in upland cotton. The
tuft character derived from Yugloslav 72 appeared
controlled by a single recessive gene. The gene was not
allelic to the naked character derived from D-15 x
Stripper 31. A tufted trait also derived from D-15 x
Stripper 31 differed from the Yugloslaw trait. Whereas
the D-15 x Stripper 31 mutants accompanied low lint
perccent, the Yugoslav 72 trait did not.
Green,
C. C. and T. W. Culp. 1988. Utilization of fiber strength
measurements in the development of high fiber strength
cottons. p. 613-614. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt.
Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., New Orleans, LA. 3-8 Jan. Natl.
Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Stelometer and HVI fiber
strength measurements were evaluated as selection
criteria to improve yarn strength in three cotton
populations. Neither fiber strength measurement was more
consistently correlated with yarn strength over the three
populations. Stelometer and HVI fiber strength were only
moderately correlated, suggesting that the two strength
measurements may not be measuring the same genetic
properties.
Greenhagen,
Bruce E. 1988. Magnitude and consistency of heterosis in
crosses among Plains- type cotton cultivars. M.S. Thesis,
Oklahoma State University. The magnitude and consistency
of midparent (MP) and high parent (HP) heterosis over
three irrigated locations and/or 3 years were studied for
cotton in Oklahoma. Parents, F1s, and
F2s were evaluated for all possible crosses,
ignoring reciprocals, among five Plains-type cultivars
[(1) 'Lockett 77,' (2) 'Tamcot SP21,' (3) 'Paymaster
303,' (4) 'Tamcot SP37,' and (5) 'Westburn M']. Six
parental combinations (1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 5, 2 x 4, 3 x 5,
and 4 x 5) displayed significant F1 MP
heterosis for lint yield ranging from 11.5 to 34.0
percent. That heterosis was consistent over locations and
years. The four other combinations sporadically displayed
significant F1MP heterosis over environments.
Five parental combinations (1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 5, 3 x 4,
and 3 x 5) exhibited significant F1HP
heterosis for lint yield ranging from 12.6 to 26.6
percent. That heterosis was consistent over locations and
years, and those five combinations have economic
potential. One of the remaining combinations (2 x 3) did
not exhibit significant F1HP heterosis. The
four other combinations sporadically exhibited
significant F1HP heterosis over environments,
and their potential is questionable.
Gwyn,
J. J. and D. M. Stelly. 1989. Method to evalute pollen
viability of upland cotton: Tests with chromosome
translocations. Crop Sci. 29: 1165-1169. A modified
fluorochrome reaction (FCR) method, using fluorescein
diacetate, was evaluated for application as a pollen from
normal and reciprocal chromosome translocation cytotypes
grown in greenhouse and field environments. Analyzed
materials included 44 different true-breeding
translocation homozygotes, respective F1
heterozygotes, and three differenct cytogenetically
analyzed BC1F1 families. Results
were concordant with cytogenetic expectations and meiotic
analyses, indicating that the pollen technique works
well.
Ha,
Sam B. 1986. Effects of selected morphological traits in
cotton on natural insect infestations, lint yield, lint
percent, and fiber quality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma
State University. Five morphological traits (i.e., okra
leaf, nectariless, frego bract, smooth leaf, and
glandless) vs. the normal check were compared in each of
eight genetic backgrounds under irrigation and without
insecticides at two locations for 3 years. The
smooth-leaf trait reduced cotton fleahopper populations
by 54 percent when averaged over years, locations,
backgrounds, and sampling dates. Frego bract increased
fleahopper numbers by 64 percent over the same variables.
The okra-leaf, nectariless, and glandless traits
occasionally influenced fleahopper infestations, but not
consistently. Smooth leaf did suppress, to some extent,
bollworm oviposition; but the other traits had little
effect on that trait. The nectariless lines were
comparable to the checks for lint yield and lint percent.
The okra-leaf lines were also comparable to the checks
for lint yield, but were frequently lower for lint
percent. Large and consistently significant reductions in
lint yield and lint percent of the frego-bract lines were
exhibited. The smooth-leaf lines often displayed lower
lint yield than the checks, possibly resulting from lower
lint percent. The lint yield and lint percent of the
glandless lines were reduced in some genetic backgrounds.
Based on these results, frego-bract should not be
incorporated into the Oklahoma cotton breeding program;
smooth leaf and glandless appear unpromising and probably
should not be used; and nectariless and okra-leaf should
receive some attention.
Ha,
S. B. and L. M. Verhalen. 1986. Inheritance of the
multilock boll in upland cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton
Prod. Res. Conf. p. 103. (Abstr.) Upland cotton normally
has four- or five-lock bolls and occasionally bolls with
three- or six- locks. A mutant type which consistently
has 6- to 10-lock bolls (averaging between 7 and 8) was
obtained from the Regional Cotton Germplasm Collection at
Stoneville, MS (S.A. 0981 "Multiple Lock, West Tex"). Two
multilock lines derived from S.A. 0981 were crossed with
TM-1 and 'Westburn M,' respectively. The parental,
F1, F2, and backcross populations
were examined. Multilock boll appears to be governed by a
single, largely recessive gene.
Hampton,
R. E., D. M. Oosterhuis, J. McD. Stewart, and K. S. Kim.
1987. Antomical differences in cotton related to drought
tolerance Ark. Farm. Res. 36(6):4. Various genotypes
represented by Stoneville 506, DeRidder Red Leaf, Pilose,
D2 and a G. barbadense were measured
for epidermal wall thickness, cuticle thickness, trichome
density, capitate gland density and stomate density.
Physiological measurements were leaf temperature,
stomatal resistance and transpiration. Pilose has the
lowest surface temperature. Stomatal number did not
correlate with stomatal resistance or
transpiration.
Hsieh,
C., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., R. L. Shepherd,
and W. L. Parrott. 1987. Breeding potential of cotton
germplasm tolerant to tobacco budworm Heliothis
virescens (Fab.). Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Stn.
Tech. Bull. 144. 7 pp. Genetic analysis of resistance to
tobacco budworm in M-DH-118, M-DH-126, and M-DH-128
indicate that there should be no major complicating
factors in using these three lines as parents to develop
cultivars with resistance to tobacco budworm. Analysis
suggest that delaying selection until F4 and selecting on
a progeny row basis should be successful. Variance for
resistance was primarily additive with smaller but
significant dominance and epistatic effects
present.
Hsu,
C. L. and J. McD. Stewart. 1982. A rapid stain method for
suspension cultured plant cells. J. Tiss. Cult. Meth. 7:
69-72. A procedure based on partial hydrolysis of cells
with HCL followed by toluidine blue O staining is
described for visualizing cell walls and chromosomes of
cultured plant cells including cotton.
James,
D. and J .E. Jones. 1985. Effect of leaf and bract
isolines on spray penetration and insecticidal efficacy.
Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 395-396. Four
isolines of cotton differing in leaf (okra vs. normal)
and bract (frego vs. normal) types in all combinations
were evaluated under four insecticide regimes to evaluate
the effects of these morphological traits on insecticide
efficacy and spray penetration. Spray penetration was
measured when cotton was 4 feet tall by spraying the crop
with non- active agricultural dye using a J.D. Hy-Cycle
delivering 8 gal/a at 40 p.s.i. and evaluating paper
cards that had been placed at three depths within the
canopy. Okra leaf was found to significantly increase
spray penetration both in terms of drops per square inch
and percent area covered. Insecticide efficacy results
were inconclusive
Jenkins,
J. N., P. A. Hedin, W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr.,
and White, W. H. 1983. Cotton allelochemics and growth of
tobacco budworm larvae. Crop Sci. 23: 1195-1198. Putative
allelochemicals for resistance to tobacco budworm were
fed in wheat germ diet and their relationship to larvae
weight were determined. Chemicals were cyanidin,
delphinidin, gossypol, condensed tannin, chrysanthemin,
isoquercitrin and quercetin. Regression equations are
presented to describe effects on larvae
growth.
Jenkins,
J. N., J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1990.
Effectiveness of fruiting sites in cotton: yield. Crop
Sci. 30: 365-369. Plant maps of bolls at harvest were
developed for eight cultivars. From 66 to 75 percent of
yield came from position one bolls, 18-21 percent from
position two bolls, with 2-4 percent from all other
position bolls. Monopodial branches produced from 3-9
percent of yield. The newer short-season cultivars
produced more of their yield at nodes 5-8 than older
cultivars.
Jenkins,
J. N., J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1990.
Fruiting efficiency in cotton: Boll size and boll set
percentage. Crop Sci. 30: 857-860. Plant maps of bolls at
harvest were developed for eight cultivars. Boll set
varied by cultivar and node. Bolls at position 1 were 14
percent and 21 percent larger than bolls at positions 2
and 3, respectively.
Jenkins,
J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., K. A. Barton,
and P. F. Umbeck. 1991. Field test of transgenic cottons
containing a Bacillus thuringiensis gene. Miss.
Agric. and For. Expt. Stn. Technical Bulletin 174. 6 pp.
Describes field test and regulatory protocol for
evaluation of transgenic cotton containing a gene from
Bacillus thuringiensis which codes for the delta
endotoxin. The cotton plants did not express the toxin as
levels sufficient to offer field control of tobacco
budworm.
Jenkins,
J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and L. Dearing.
1986. Performance of cottons when infested with tobacco
budworm. Crop Sci. 26: 93-95. Resistance to tobacco
budworm defined as ability to set and mature bolls in the
presence of high levels of tobacco budworm was measured
in 13 cotton strains. Resistance was identified in ST 506
and confirmed in PEE DEE 875, PEE DEE 8619 and Tamcot
CAMD-E. Regression analysis suggest that about 65 percent
of the measured resistance is associated with early,
rapid fruiting.
Jenkins,
J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. H.
White. 1982. Breeding cotton for resistance to the
tobacco budworm: techniques to achieve uniform field
infestations. Crop Sci. 22: 400-404. Techniques,
equipment, and procedures for handling tobacco budworm
pupae, adults, eggs, and first instar larvae are
described, as well as procedures for uniformily infesting
progeny rows of cotton with first instar
larvae.
Jenkins,
J. N., and F. D. Wilson. Host plant resistance. p.
in E. G. King and J. R. Phillips (eds.) Cotton
insects and mites: characterization and management. No.
3. Cotton Foundation Ref. Book Ser. A review of
resistance of cotton to insects and mites.
John,
M. E. and J. McD. Stewart. 1992. Genes for better jeans:
biotechnological advances in cotton. Biotechnology 10:
165-170. A review of the current status of biotechnology
applications in cotton. Emphasis is placed on the status
of molecular manipulation of cotton fiber
chracteristic.
Jones,
J. E. 1982. The present state of the art and science of
cotton breeding for leaf-morphological types. Proc.
Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 93-99. Literature
review on the effects of leaf shape (including normal,
okra, sub-okra, sea-island, and laciniate) on boll rot,
earliness, yield, leaf area, within-canopy microclimate,
reaction to insects, weed control, and special
adaptation. (44 references).
Jones,
J. E., J. P. Beasley, J. I. Dickson, and W. D. Caldwell.
1988. Registration of four cotton germplasm lines with
resistance to reinform and root-knot nematodes. Crop Sci.
28: 199- 200. Lines included La. RN 4-4, La. RN 909, La.
RN 910, and La. RN 1032. All were selections from LA
434-RKR. LA 434-RKR originated from a cross of Bayou 7769
x 'Deltapine 16.' Bayou 7769 is resistant to root-knot
nematode (RKN) and was developed from a cross of
'Deltapine 15' x 'Clevewilt-6.' The germplasm lines were
evaluated for nematode resistance in the greenhouse in
RKN and reinform nematode (RN) infested soil, and in the
field on natural RN-infested soil at Baton Rouge,
LA.
Jones,
J. E., E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, J. G. Marshall, J. I.
Dickson, and D. F. Clower. 1987. Field performance of
some new cotton strains with resistance to
Heliothis spp. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res.
Conf. pp.94-96. Five new high glandulosity (HG) cotton
strains were found to exhibit significant levels of
resistance to natural field infestations of
Heliothis spp., as measured by fruit damage, fruit
infestation, and lint yield, when compared to the
susceptible cultivar, Stoneville 213. La. HG 810063 and
La. HG 820660, in particular, represent improvements in
yield potential, earliness, and fiber quality while
maintaining a moderately high level of resistance to
Heliothis spp.
Jones,
J. E., E. Burris, S. J. Stringer, and D. F. Clower. 1984.
Further breeding studies with frego bract cottons. Proc.
Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 369-371. Several
frego and frego-nectariless strains were evaluated under
a moderate plant bug infestation which was left
uncontrolled until 27 July, about 3 weeks after first
bloom. La. 243-47-FN, La. 271-53-FN, and La. 271-58-FN
were significantly more tolerant and/or resistant to
plant bugs than La. 81-560-FN, the frego-nectariless
check strain. These strains represent a significant step
forward in developing useable frego bract
cottons.
Jones,
J. E., W. D. Caldwell, D. T. Bowman, J. W. Brand, A.
Coco, T. G. Marshall, D. J. Boquet, R. Hutchinson, W.
Aguillard, and D. F. Clower. 1981. Gumbo 500: An
advancement in breeding open-canopy cottons. Louisiana
Agric. 24: 8-13. 'Gumbo 500' was released in 1981 by the
Louisiana State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. as a replacement
for 'Gumbo.' Gumbo 500, like Gumbo, is characterized by
the okra-leaf trait that gives it an open-type canopy.
However, Gumbo 500 represents an improvement over Gumbo
for yield, earliness, lint percentage, fiber quality, and
resistance to Fusarium wilt.
Jones,
J. E., D. F. Clower, E. Burris, J. G. Marshall, and S. J.
Stringer. 1983. Progress in breeding frego-nectariless
cottons for reduced plant bug sensitivity. Proc. Beltwide
Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 81-83. Literature and
unpublished studies relating the advantages of frego
bract and it sensitivity to plant bug are reviewed. The
nectariless trait was an aid in reducing plant bug
sensitivity in frego bract, but did not completely solve
the plant bug problem. Ar-Frego 3 and Ar-Frego 25 were
found to flower at a high rate during July, a trait that
either reflects reduced square shed due to plant bug
damage, or is a mechanism of tolerating yield loss due to
plant bug feeding.
Jones,
J. E., J. I. Dickson, W. Aguillard, W. D. Caldwell, S. H.
Moore, R. L. Hutchinson, and R. L. Rogers. 1991.
Registration of 'LA 887' Cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1701. 'LA
887,' tested experimentally as LA 830887, was developed
from a cross of LA 434-RKR x DES 11-9. LA 434-RKR is an
experimental strain with superior fiber quality and
resistance to root-knot nematode (RKN). DES 11-9 is an
experimental strain obtained from R. R. Bridge, Delta
Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. A selection
(DES 11913) from DES 11-9 was subsequently released as
'DES 119.' LA 887 is characterized by premium fiber
quality, resistance to RKN/fusarium wilt complex, and
high-yield potential.
Jones,
J. E., J. I. Dickson, and J. P. Beasley. 1987. Preference
and nonpreference of boll weevils to selected cotton.
Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 98-102.
Certain genotypes were shown to be several times more
attractive to boll weevils than the commercial cultivars,
Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41. Their greater
attractiveness was due in part to an early and more rapid
fruiting rate, but in the case of 'Tamcot CAB-CS,' TX
CAMD 21S-7-81, and TX BLLEBOS 1-83, an additional
attractiveness factor was indicated. A number of breeding
strains with red-stem, red-stem-nectariless, frego bract,
and frego- nectariless traits were nonpreferred by boll
weevil. Field resistance to boll weevil was confirmed in
six day-neutral-converted race stocks (MT-109, MT-293,
MT-326, MT-330, MT- 763, and MT-1180) and in one
day-neutral race-stock-derived strain
(T277-2-6).
Jones,
J. E., J. I. Dickson, E. Burris, D. F. Clower, W. D.
Caldwell, J. G. Marshall, and S. J. Stringer. 1988.
Registration of three insect resistant cotton germplasm
lines. Crop Sci. 28: 200. Lines included La. HG-063, La.
HG-065, and La. HG-660, which combine resistance to
bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) with early maturity,
good yielding ability, acceptable fiber quality, and
reduced pubescence. BW/TBW resistance is attributed to a
high frequency of normal-size gossypol glands (HG)
located over the calyx (including lobes), ovary wall, and
other plant parts. The lines were developed from a cross
between two HG lines, La. HG 83-1-1546 x La. HG
1838-1497. The two parents were selected from an
intercross population involving Louisiana advanced
breeding lines, 'Stoneville 213,' and GT5A-10-152XG15.
The strain, GT5A-10-15-2XG15, obtained from M. J.
Lukefahr, was the original source of the HG
trait.
Jones,
J. E., J. I. Dickson, J. B. Graves, A. M. Pavloff, B. R.
Leonard, E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, S. Macinski, and S.
H. Moore. 1989. Agronomically enhanced insect-resistant
cottons. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp.
135-137. Yield and insect damage of five experimental
strains is discussed. LA850074-F, LA850075-F,
LA850082-FN, LA860280-F, and LA860284-F were equal to or
superior than La HG-660 in terms of lint yield and
reduced bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage.
LA850074-F and LA850075-F produced lint yields equal to
or superior than 'Deltapine 41' and 'DES 119' in the
absences of BW/TBW. All strains are frego bract and would
be expected to be resistant to boll weevils as
well.
Jones,
J. E., J. I. Dickson, and R. G. Novick. 1988. Another
look at effects of leaf shape traits on agronomic
performance of upland cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod.
Res. Conf. p. 94. Four leaf shape near-isolines
[normal, semi-okra (sea-island or sub-okra), okra,
and super-okra] on each of two genetic backgrounds
(La 213-613 and MD 65-11) were evaluated in nine
environments. Okra leaf was the superior leaf shape on
the La. 213-613 background in terms of lint yield;
sub-okra was the superior leaf shape on the MD 65-11
background. Super-okra was affected by environments more
than the other leaf types; its yield was inferior to
normal leaf in environments where rank growth was not a
problem, but equal or superior to normal leaf when rank
growth occurred. Super-okra leaf increased earliness on
both genetic backgrounds, and okra leaf increased
earliness on the La. 213-613 background.
Jones,
J. E., R. G. Novick, and J. I. Dickson. 1988. Boll weevil
resistance in day-neutral converted primitive race stocks
of Gossypium hirsutum L. Proc. Beltwide Cotton
Prod. Res. Conf. p. 99. Nine race-stock-derived,
day-neutral strains were compared with the
boll-weevil-susceptible cultivars, Stoneville 213 and
Deltapine 41, and the resistant frego-nectariless
breeding line La.81-560FN for relative field resistance
to boll weevils and for anther number and mass per
flower. Field resistance was confirmed in four strains
(MT 109, MT 330, MT 763, and MT 1180) and identified for
the first time in MT 323 and T 1219). The
race-stock-derived strains had as many or more anthers
per flower, but less than or equally as much anther mass
per flower as the checks. All race-stock-derived strains
were late and unproductive, but provide sources of boll
weevil resistance that should be used in cultivar
development.
Jones,
R. W., J. R. Cate, and P. A. Fryxell. 1991. Phenology and
ecology of Cienfuegosia intermedia Fryx.
(Malvaceae) and evaluation as a host plant of the boll
weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Southwestern
Naturalist 36: 75-83. It is concluded that boll weevils
are not hosted by C. intermedia, and the plant
plays no role in the population dynamics of the weevils
in north central Mexico.
Katterman,
F. R. H. and V. I. Shattuck. 1983. An effective method of
DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium
species that contain large amounts of phenolic terpenoids
and tannins. Preparative Biochemistry 13(4): 347-359.
Purified and unstained nuclei were isolated from the
leaves of several Gossypium species (diploid and
tetraploid). DNA, previously unobtainable, was then
extracted from the nuclei by conventional
means.
Kennedy,
C. W., M. T. Ba, A. G. Caldwell, R. L. Hutchinson, and J.
E. Jones. 1987. Differences in root and shoot growth and
soil moisture extraction between cultivars in an acid
subsoil. Plant and Soil 101: 241-246. Research was
conducted to determine if differences in yield and crop
growth of field-grown cultivars (Stoneville 825,
Deltapine 41, Auburn 56, and Pima S-5) would be related
to root length density and end-of-season soil moisture
content in an acid soil. Normalization of root density on
a percentage of total root density basis indicated that
Stoneville 825 and Pima S-5 had a consistently greater
percentage of roots in the acidic subsoil than did Auburn
56 and Deltapine 41. Subsoil moisture remaining at the
end of the season was least for Stoneville 825 and
greatest for Deltapine 41. Differences in root length
density and implied soil moisture extraction in acidic
subsoil may partly explain differences in adaptation by
some cultivars to nonirrigated, drought-prone, acidic
soils.
Kennedy,
C. W. and J. E. Jones. 1991. Evaluating quantitative
screening methods for manganese toxicity in cotton
genotypes. J. Plant Nutrition 14: 1331-1339. Cotton
genotypes LaDSIS 12513, LADASS 5175, Coker gl 79-501, and
Pima S-5 were used to compare several quantitative and
semi-quantitative measures of reaction to high levels of
soil manganese. Indole-3-acetic acid oxidase (IAAO) is
the functional enzyme of Mn toxicity, but has a
relatively slow assay method. Peroxidase activity, with a
faster assay method, was found to most closely parallel
IAAO activity. Specific leaf weight and "percentage of
leaves that were damaged" correlated the least with IAAO
activity.
Kennedy,
C. W., W. C. Smith, and J. E. Jones. 1986. Effect of
early season square removal on three leaf types of
cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 139-145. Square removal was carried
out in the field on normal leaf (NL), okra leaf (OL), and
super- okra leaf (SOL) near-isogeneic lines of
'Stoneville 213' for 3 and 6 weeks to determine (1) if
improved yield could be obtained in OL and/or SOL types
by enlarging the canopy, and (2) if delaying fruit set
produced differential response in these leaf types.
Results would form the basis for development of a boll
weevil trap crop system using exogenous chemicals for
square abscission. Square removal increased plant height,
LAI and number of sympodial branches. Fruit set was more
rapid and occurred in a shorter interval for all leaf
types undergoing square removal for 3 weeks. These
responses were greatest and most consistent in SOL. Rapid
fruit set was due primarily to more sympodia fruiting
simultaneously. Yield of SOL was 23.5 percent greater
with 3 weeks of square removal than without square
removal. Yield was not improved in NL or OL by square
removal.
Kennedy,
C. W., W. C. Smith, and J. E. Jones. 1986. Effect of
reduced light intensity on reproductive growth of three
isogeneic lines differing in leaf type. Proc. Beltwide
Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 63. Isogeneic lines of
'Stoneville 213' differing in leaf type [normal (NL),
okra (OL), and super- okra (SOL)] were evaluated in
the field under full sun, 55 percent shade cloth, and 80
percent shade cloth for 3 years. Shaded OL maintained a
flowering rate comparable to control plants, while flower
production in NL and SOL declined numerically or
statistically across shade treatments. Boll accumulation
rates of leaf types declined in shade treatments, but the
reduction was smallest in OL. Relative to controls, OL
and SOL had greater boll retention percent than NL in the
80 percent shade treatment. Seed cotton yield was
significantly greater in OL than NL or SOL in 80 percent
shade treatment.
Kittock,
D. L., E. L. Turcotte, and W. C. Hofmann. 1988.
Estimation of heat tolerance improvement in recent
American Pima cotton cultivars. J. Agron. and Crop Sci.
161: 305- 309. This report estimated change in heat
tolerance of Pima cotton through yield response over 30
years in six Arizona counties that differ in elevation
and mean summer temperatures. Pima lint yield increased
from 57 percent of upland yield in 1956 to 75 percent in
1985 when averaged over the six counties. Comparison of
regression coefficients suggest that nearly 50 percent of
the 30- year lint yield increase of Pima cotton at lower
elevations was the result of increased tolerance to high
temperature in improved cultivars.
Kohel,
R. J. 1980. Genetic studies of seed oil in cotton. Crop
Sci. 20: 784-787. Twenty lines with a wide range of seed
oil were studied for genetic control of seed oil in
F3. Heritability estimate for seed oil was 35
percent. Seed oil and seed components were
measured.
Kohel,
R. J. 1982. Crinkle-yellow, a new mutant in Gossypium
hirsutum L. J. Hered. 73:382- 383. A new completely
recessive mutant, crinkle-yellow, was described. Linkage
analysis with 41 loci found no linkage
associations.
Kohel,
R. J. 1983. Genetic analysis of virescent mutants and the
identification of virescents v- 12, v-13, v-14, v-15, and
v-16v-17 in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 289-291. Nine
virescent lines were tested for relation to existing
virescents. The tests identified some alleles with
existing virescents and identified six new loci, four
simply inherited and one duplicate recessive.
Kohel,
R. J. 1983. Genetic analysis of the yellow-veins mutant
in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 291- 293. A new completely
recessive mutant was described. Linkage analysis with 38
loci determined it was a member of linkage group XVII
with Rugate and virescent-1.
Kohel,
R. J. 1985. Genetic analysis of fiber color variants in
cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 793-797. Lines with combinations of
brown and green fuzz and lint were analysed for their
relation to known genes. Four new brown lint loci were
described. All green lint and fuzz lines were allelic to
green lint.
Kohel,
R. J. 1988. Genetic analysis of a white mutant in cotton.
Crop Sci. 28: 1016-1018. A new mutant was described that
is controlled by duplicate recessive genes. The mutant is
usually expressed as a seedling lethal. Linkage analysis
found no linkage with the 14 loci tested.
Kohel,
R. J. 1989. Cotton. Ch. 21. pp. 404-415. Oil Crops of the
World. Robbelen, G., R.K. Downey, and A. Ashri (eds.).
McGraw Hill Publ. Co., New York, N.Y. The genetics of
seed-oil of cotton was reviewed. A discussion was
presented on the status and potential for breeding of
seed traits in cotton was given.
Kohel,
R. J. and C. R. Benedict. 1987. Growth analysis of
cottons with differing maturities. Agron. J. 79: 31-34.
Performance of differing maturing cotton were evaluated
for timing of reproductive events, amounts, and
partioning of dry weight. It was determined that early
maturity limits productivity per plant, but plant yield
components can be modified with genetic
selection.
Kohel,
R. J. and J. P. Cherry. 1983. Variation of cottonseed
quality with stratified harvests. Crop Sci. 23:
1119-1124. Two years data from stratified harvests were
obtained for seed quality factors including fatty acid
and amino acid profiles. Significant interactions
demonstrated the care needed in sampling experiments and
they pointed out the need for more research to understand
the environmental factors influencing seed
development.
Kohel,
R. J., J. Glueck, and L. W. Rooney. 1985. Comparison of
cotton germplasm collections for seed-protein content.
Crop Sci. 25: 961-963. Seed protein was determined for
the Gossypium hirsutum lines in the germplasm
collection. These values were related to earlier
determinations of seed-oil content.
Kohel,
R. J. and McMichael. 1990. Immature fiber mutant of
Upland cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 419- 421. A simple recessive
mutant, immature, is described. The mutant phenotype is
characterized by fibers with immature
development.
Kohel,
R. J. and A. E. Percival. 1989. Genetic analysis of the
"rex" mutant in cotton. J. Hered. 80: 78-80. A complete
recessive mutant termed rex was described. It was found
as a spontaneous mutant in the cv. Rex. Linkage analysis
found it linked to Ragged leaf, 17.45 percent, and
therefore a member of linkage group X.
La
Duke, J. C. and P. A. Fryxell. 1988. Lecotypification of
Malva angustifolia Cav. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid
45: 159-163. The type specimen of Malva
angustifolia (= Sphaeralcea angustifolia) has
previously been problematical. The problem is reviewed
and resolved by the choice of a lectotype.
Lambert,
L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C.
1980. Evaluation of foreign and domestic cotton cultivars
and strains for boll weevil resistance. Crop Sci. 20:
804-806. Forty-four domestic and introduced cotton
strains were evaluated for resistance to boll weevil
oviposition. Introduced lines, Lasani 11, AC 134, Albar
627, GO77-2, BP 52/NC 63, and domestic lines TX-LY-18-72,
DES-HERB 16, and DES-ARB 16 received significantly less
oviposition than DPL 16, but not less than ST
213.
Lambert,
L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C.
1980. Evaluation of 38 foreign and domestic cotton
cultivars for tarnished plant bug resistance. Miss.
Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Report 5(1). 4 pp.
Thirty-eight foreign and domestic cotton cultivars were
evaluated for tarnished plant bug resistance. Four lines
from Bulgaria showed significant resistance.
Lambert,
L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C.
1982. Effect of 43 foreign and domestic cotton cultivars
and strains on growth of tobacco budworm larvae. Crop
Sci. 22: 543-545. Thirty-five foreign and eight USA
cotton lines were evaluated for antibiosis to tobacco
budworm. Significant antibiosis was present in foreign
entries BJA 592, Laxmi, SATU 65 and US strains MO-HG and
HG-BR-8-N.
Lambert,
L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C.
1982. Greenhouse technique for evaluating resistance to
the bandedwinged whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) used
to evaluate thirty-five foregin cotton cultivars. J.
Econ. Entomol. 75: 1166-1168. A greenhouse procedure for
evaluation of cotton lines for banded winged white flies
was developed and used to evaluate 36 cotton lines. One
foreign line C 1211 had significantly less white fly
colonization than DPL 16. No line had less white fly
emergence than DPL 16.
Lee,
J. A. 1981. A genetical scheme for isolating cotton
cultivars. Crop Sci. 21: 339-341. A complementary
lethality interaction occurs when G. davidsonii
Kell., a diploid cotton, is crossed with either G.
hirsutum L. or G. barbadense L., tetraploid
cottons. The tetraploids contribute Le1
and Le2 while the diploid contributes
Ledav. This latter allele was
transferred via hexaploid bridging. The le and
Ledav alleles can be used to
genetically isolate cottons for special purposes, e.g.
productions of hybrids and gossypol-free
seeds.
Lee,
J. A. 1981. Genetics of the D3 complementary lethality
system in Gossypium hirsutum and G.
barbadense. J. Hered. 72: 299-300. Two alleles,
Le1 and Le2, were
identified as the complementary lethal factors located in
the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense genomes.
The allele Ledav is found in the
diploid G. davidsonii genome.
Lee,
J. A. 1981. A new linkage relationship in cotton. Crop
Sci. 21: 346-347. Linkage between the gland-determining
allele, GL3dav, and
the complementary lethal factor, Ledav,
was estimated at 25.9 + 3.0 recombination
units.
Lee,
J. A. 1982. Linkage relationships between Le and Gl
alleles in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1211- 1213. Indirect
results and reconstruction of probable pathways in the
evolution alleles at the le loci in various
Gossypium taxa led to the tentative conclusion
that Le2 and Ledav
are alleles at a common locus. Direct methods of testing
allelism are not possible since combination of the two
alleles results in lethality of the embryo or
plant.
Lee,
J. A. 1984. Effect of plant smoothness on agronomic
traits of upland cotton-fiber properties. Crop Sci. 24:
716-720. Degree of plant smoothness was not related to
any consistent deleterious effect on fiber properties;
however, specific smoothness alleles did confer fiber
quality deficits. The Sm2 allele
reduced 2.5 percent fiber span length and increased fiber
micronaire. The Sm1sl
allele reduced fiber tenacity. There was evidence for
maternal and reciprocal effects for some fiber
traits.
Lee,
J. A. 1984. Effects of plant smoothness on agronomic
traits of upland cotton-lint percentage. Crop Sci. 24:
583-587. The degree of plant smoothness was not
correlated with values for number of seeds per boll seed
index, lint index, and grams of seed cotton per boll. The
Sm2 allele significantly reduced lint
percent, and increasing plant smoothness does not further
reduce lint percent.
Lee,
J. A. 1984. Effects of two pilosity alleles on agronomic
and fiber traits of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 127-129.
The pilosity alleles, H2 and Pilose, impart
dense pubescence to plant parts of cotton. Pilose
differed from H2 by having pubescent bolls.
Pilose reduced 2.5 percent fiber span length and 50
percent fiber span length and fiber tensile strength
while it increased fiber length uniformity index and
fiber micronaire.
Lee,
J. A. 1984. Two new alleles at the sm1
locus in cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 945-947. One allele from
the wild Hawaiian tetraploid species, G.
tomentosum Nutt. ex. Seem., removes all trichomes
from stems and most trichomes from mature leaves. This
allele is dominant to normal pubescence. The second
allele is from the Peruvian diploid species, G.
raimondii Ulbr., and increases the density of
trichomes acting as a dominant allele. This finding
suggests that the sm1 locus of the D
subgenome is the homeologue of the sm2
or h1 of the A subgenome.
Lee,
J. A. 1985. Effects of the density of pubescence on some
traits of extra-long-stapled cotton. Crop Sci. 25:
517-520. Glabrous reduced lint percent in AS-2 and Pima
S-5, reduced 2.5 percent span fiber length in AS-2 and
reduced fiber tenacity and fiber length uniformity index
in Coastland compared with normal pubescence. Hirsuteness
increased lint percent in AS-2 and Pima S-5, reduced g
seed cotton boll-1, lint index, fiber length uniformity
index, and fiber elongation in Coastland compared with
normal pubescence.
Lee,
J. A. 1985. Revision of the genetics of the
hairiness-smoothness system of Gossypium. J.
Hered. 76: 123-126. The symbols T and t,
denoting trichomes, replace the earlier symbols of
glabrousness, Sm and sm, and hirsute
enhancing, H and h. Five loci were
identified with the t1 and
t2 loci each bearing six alleles; the
t3 locus, three alleles; and the
t4 and t5 loci each
bearing two alleles.
Lee,
J. A. 1986. Effects of boll pilosity on some traits of
'Pima' cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 741-743. Boll pilosity
(dense pubescence) resulted in significantly higher
micronaire values (5.9 and 5.8 versus 5.0 and 5.3) than
glabrous bolls in a genetic stock, E-2, of 'Pima' cotton
(Gossypium barbadense L.).
Lee,
J. A. 1987. Induction of adventitious shoots in cotton.
Crop Sci. 27: 349-350. Adventitious buds were discovered
in the upland cotton cultivar, 'Coker 201,' although the
numbers were low. However, the primitive G. hirsutum
cotton 'Orinoco' appeared to have a well-developed
capacity for the generation of shoots from roots and/or
stumps.
Leonard,
B. R., J. E. Jones, and J. B. Graves. 1989.
Heliothis spp. management in cotton utilizing host
plant resistance in combination with selected
insecticides. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp.
323-327. Yield and insect damage of La HG-660
[partially resistant to bollworm/tobacco budworm
(BW/TBW)] and 'Deltapine 41' (DP41, susceptible to
BW/TBW) were compared under three BW/TBW control regimes:
larvicide, ovicide and no control. DP41 without BW/TBW
control suffered significantly more BW/TBW damage than
all other treatments. A larvicide in combination with La
HG-660 was the most effective treatment for controlling
BW/TBW damage, though not significantly more effective
than a larvicide in combination with DP41. Lint yields of
both strains were highest with a larvicide and lowest
without insecticide. No strain x insecticide treatment
interaction was observed for lint yield.
Li,
R., D. M. Stelly, and N. L. Trolinder. 1989. Cytogenetic
abnormalities in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
cell cultures. Genome. 32: 1128-1134. Paired samples from
cotton suspension cultures established from 21-month old
'Coker 312' and 8-month-old 'Coker 315' calli were
pretreated or not pretreated with colchicine to detect
cytogenetic abnormalities at metaphase or
anaphase-telophase, respectively. Cell cultures
established from both calli were found to vary in
chromosome number. Hypoaneuploidy was common, but
hyperaneuploidy and polyploidy were rare. Bridges at
anaphase and telophase were frequent in the 'Coker 312'
cultures but rare in the 'Coker 315' cultures.
Cytogenetic differences between the cultures could be due
to effects of culture age, genotype, their interaction,
or other factors. The occurrence of hypoaneuploidy and
bridges, including multiple bridges within single cells,
is concordant with the hypothesis that
breakage-fusion-bridge cycles may accumulate during in
vitro culture of cotton.
Lott,
E. J. and P. A. Fryxell. 1983. A new species of
Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) from Chiapas, Mexico.
Brittonia 35: 34-36. Sicyos motozintlensis is
described and illustrated.
McCall,
Lloyd L. 1981. Multidirectional selection in upland
cotton for three fiber properties. Ph.D. Dissertation,
Oklahoma State University. Three long-term, selection
studies were conducted through five cycles within
genetically variable populations of cotton. One
population was selected only for fiber length, another
for fineness, and the last for strength. In each
selection cycle, the upper and lower 10 percent of the
plants in the population were selected; and selfed seed
from those plants were bulked to form new high and low
populations for subsequent tests and further selections.
Response to selection for fiber length appeared to be
linear, but more effective for shorter than for longer
fiber. Even after four cycles of selection under enforced
selfing, most populations possessed sufficient
variability to show significant selection responses in
the fifth selection cycle. Reverse selection was
effective in most cases, but it also suggested that the
first selection made for fiber length is the most
important. Selections for longer fiber tended to result
in lower lint yield, lint percentages, uniformity index,
and delayed maturity; tending to increase were another
measure of fiber length, fiber fineness, and fiber
strength. Selections toward coarser fiber were generally
effective through five cycles; whereas, those toward
finer fiber apparently reached a limit after only two
selections. One reverse selection for fiber fineness
apparently greatly reduced the genetic variability of the
trait. Selections for coarser fiber tended to result in
shorter fiber and in higher uniformity index. All other
traits (except earliness) displayed significant
correlated responses, but no general trends in direction
were evident. The fiber strength results have been
published elsewhere (Crop Sci. 26:744-750. 1986) and are
not duplicated here.
McCall,
L. L., L. M. Verhalen, and R. W. McNew. 1982.
Genotype-environment interaction study of lock tenacity
in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 794-797. Sixteen cotton
cultivars were grown in experiments under irrigation and
on dryland at two Oklahoma locations over a 3-year
period. The storm resistance trait, measured as "lock
tenacity," was studied in genotype x environment
interaction analyses over years for all four experiments,
for the two irrigated tests, and for the two dryland
tests. A number of genotype x environment interaction
mean squares for lock tenacity were significant for both
observed and log-transformed data; however, the
magnitudes of the interaction variance components were
relatively small compared to their respective cultivar
components. Classifications into major boll-type
categories and selections for the trait in one
environment should be relatively stable in other
environments. However, because the range of values
observed was greater and because the separation of boll
types was more distinct under irrigation, more effective
selections for the trait are probably made under that
situation.
McCall,
L. L., L. M. Verhalen, and R. W. McNew. 1986.
Multidirectional selection for fiber strength in upland
cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 744-750. This selection experiment
for T1 fiber strength was conducted through
five cycles within a genetically variable population of
cotton to investigate the direct and correlated responses
to selection for that trait. The stronger-fibered 10
percent of the plants, as well as the weaker-fibered 10
percent, were selected within each population in each
cycle. Selfed seed from selected plants were used to form
new populations for testing and further selection.
Selection for fiber strength was effective. After four
cycles of selection under enforced self-pollination, half
the populations still possessed sufficient genetic
variability to show a significant selection response in
the fifth selection cycle. One generation of reverse
selection for fiber strength was often followed by
dramatic increases in variability and in subsequent
selection response; however, two or more low-strength
selections had a detrimental effect on later selections
for high-fiber strength. Selection for stronger fiber
tended to result in lower lint percentages, but it
increased fiber lengths, uniformity index, and earliness,
and it had variable response for lint yield and fiber
fineness.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr. and J. N. Jenkins. 1992. Cotton germplasm:
characteristics of 79 day-neutral primitive race
accessions. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Tech.
Bull. #184 17 pp. Useful genetic variability was measured
for several agronomic and fiber traits. Day-neutral lines
had more main-stem nodes and were taller than cultivars.
Lint percentage for most of the day-neutral lines was in
the mid to low 30's and they generally produced less seed
cotton than cultivars. A few of the day-neutral lines had
greater fiber strength than Delta cultivars. The
micronaire tended to be equal to or higher than for
cultivars, and they generally had shorter fibers. Two
years of data are presented for traits
measured.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and W. L. Parrott. 1982.
Partial suppression of boll weevil oviposition by a
primitive cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 490-492. Boll weevils
oviposited significantly less on a
BC2F3 progeny of T-78 than on the
cultivars Deltapine 61 and Stoneville 213. The level of
resistance in the day-neutral T-78 progeny approached
that of the original photoperiodic stock.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and W. L. Parrott. 1986. Yield
response of two cotton cultivars to tobacco budworm
infestation. Crop Sci. 26: 136-139. The yield of Tamcot
CAMD-E (short-season) was not reduced or delayed as much
as that of Stoneville 213 (full-season) when tobacco
budworm larvae were applied during early-, mid-, and
full-season. The application of larvae during the early
stage of fruiting had a greater impact on reducing yield
and delaying maturity than when larvae were applied
during mid- and late-season.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and W. L. Parrott. 1987.
Genetic resistance to boll weevil oviposition in
primitive cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 263-264. Significantly
less boll weevil oviposition was found on day-neutral
backcross progeny of T-326 and T-1180. The resistance had
been transferred from primitive, day-length sensitive, to
day-neutral lines of cotton.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, R. L. Shepherd, and W. L.
Parrott. 1987. Vegetative growth response of primitive
cotton race stocks to PIXR. Miss. Agric. and Forestry
Exp. Stn. Res. Report 12(15). 4 pp. The plant growth
regulator PIX was applied to 16 day-neutral primtive race
stocks of cotton. PIX did not affect seed cotton yield.
The major effect of PIX was to reduce the number of
mainstem nodes and plant height.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr. and J. E. Jones. 1989. Boll weevil
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) nonpreference for primitive
cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 298-300. Six day-neutral
lines (T-109DN, T-277-2-6DN, T-330DN, T-759DN, T-763DN,
and T-790DN) had significantly less boll weevil
oviposition and significantly fewer boll weevil-damaged
squares than the susceptible checks, Stoneville 213 and
Deltapine 41 or 61 in both laboratory and field tests.
Resistance was not attributed to any morphological
trait.
McCarty,
J. C., Jr., W. R. Meredith, J. N. Jenkins, W. L. Parrott,
and J. C. Bailey. 1983. Genotype x environment
interaction of cottons varying in insect resistance. Crop
Sci. 23: 970-973. The yield potential and adaptability of
nine nectariless-nectaried pairs of cotton were evaluated
for 1 to 3 years at six locations with and without early
season insect control. Significant strain x location
interactions were detected for first harvest and total
lint yields. Over 3 years nectariless cottons averaged
5.7 percent higher total yields than nectaried cottons
when grown without early season insect control. No
differences in total yield were detected between the
nectaried/nectariless cottons when grown with early
season insect control. The nectariless cottons used in
the study had high adaptability potentials, but other
traits (glandless, high gossypol, okra leaf, and frego
bract) investigated did not.
Mahill,
J. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr, and W. L.
Parrott. 1983. Evaluation of exotic germplasm of
Gossypium hirsutum L. for resistance to bacterial
blight. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull.
114. Day-neutral lines (165) from 124 accessions were
evaluated for resistance to bacterial blight, mixed
inoculum (races 1, 2, 7, 10, and 18). Fifty-four were
significantly more susceptible than DPL 61 and ST 213.
Most others were intermediate in resistance. We consider
77 of these to be potential sources of intermediate
levels of resistance. It should be profitable to conduct
research with individual races of blight on T-805 and
M-7914-0815, M-7914-0209 and their progenitor races T-815
and T-209.
Mahill,
J. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L.
Parrott. 1983. Evaluation of F3 and
F4 lines of cotton from crosses of race
accessions with upland for resistance to bacterial
blight. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Bull.
911. Day neutral selections in 210 cotton lines in the
day neutral conversion program were evaluated for
reaction to bacterial blight mixed inoculum from races 1,
2, 7, 10, and 18. Resistance was not associated with any
cotton race or geographic origin. Two cotton strains from
the Bahamas were intermediate in resistance.
Mahill,
J. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L.
Parrott. 1984. Performance and stability of doubled
haploid lines of upland cotton derived via semigamy. Crop
Sci. 24: 271-277. Doubled haploids were derived via
semigamy for 15 lines and these were evaluated for
environmental stability of agronomic traits and putative
tobacco budworm allelochemics. Doubled haploids were as
environmentally stable for yield performance as cultivars
and were as stable for allelochemical level within a
growing season.
Mahill,
J. F., J. N. Jenkins, W. R. Meredith, Jr. and V. Meyer.
1982. Influence of Gossypium cytoplasms on
expression of bacterial blight. Miss. Agric. and Forestry
Exp. Stn. Res. Report 7(17). Five exotic cytoplasms (A1,
A2, B1, AD2, AD3) in five cultivar backgrounds, B3080,
Coker 201, Delcot 277, St 213, and DPL 16 were evaluated
for bacterial blight. In the AD1 cytoplasm, B3080 was the
most resistant cultivar and DPL 16 was more resistant
than C 201 or Delcot 277. Small but significant
differences were found among the five exotic cytoplasms.
None of the cytoplasms were more susceptible than
AD1.
Menzel,
M. Y., P. A. Fryxell, and F. D. Wilson. 1983.
Relationships among New World species of Hibiscus
sect. Furcaria (Malvaceae). Brittonia 35: 204-221.
Seventeen species of Hibiscus sect.
Furcaria are native to the New World at four
ploidy levels (diploid to decaploid). Most are tetraploid
(2n=72), including four species reported here for the
first time (H. cucurbitaceus, H. flagelliformis, H.
flagelliformis, H. kitaibelifolius, and H.
laxiflorus). Interspecific hybrids showed meiotic
chromosome homology (genome formula GGPP). A Key to the
New World species is presented, and H.
cerradoensis is described as new and
illustrated.
Menzel,
M. Y., C. A. Hasenkampf, and J. McD. Stewart. 1982.
Incipient genome differentiation in Gossypium.
III. Comparison of chromosomes of Gossypium
hirsutum and asiatic diploids using heterozygous
translocations. Genetics 100: 89-103. Three diploid
A-genome lines representing G. herbaceum and G.
arboreum were hybridized by in ovulo culture
of embryos (1) with a standard line of G. hirsutum
and (2) with six lines homozygous for translocations
involving chromosomes 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and
13. Chiasma frequencies in hybrids were compared
with those in appropriate G. hirsutum controls. In
every comparison overall chiasma frequencies were
slightly lower in the hybrids. Therefore,
Ah appears to be differentiated from
the diploid A genomes. No localized
differentiation was detected in chromosomes marked by
translocations. The differentiation may be localized
mainly in chromosome 4 and 5.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1980. Performance of paired nectaried and
nectariless F3 cotton hybrids. Crop Sci. 20:
757-760. Nectaried and nectariless F3 bulk
populations were derived from crosses of DES 24-8ne with
8 pairs of diverse parents in 1976, and 11 pairs in 1977.
Averaged over both years, nectaried populations had 1.8
percent larger seeds on 1.6 and 0.9 percent longer fiber
(50- and 2.5- percent span length respectively) than
nectaried plants. In 1977 boll size in nectaried
populations averaged 1.5 percent larger than that for
nectariless plants. No significant deleterious
association of yield, yield components, and fiber
properties was detected. Little problems in breeding for
nectariless cottons should be expected.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1983. Effect of environments and genetic
backgrounds on evaluation of cotton isolines. Crop Sci.
23: 51-54. Near isogenic lines (BC5 were
developed in 24-8ne and ORH 55 and 2 segregating
F4 strains for all combinations of homozygous
combination of normal and frego bract and normal and Okra
leaf morphological types. The 16 genotypes were evaluated
for yield in 1979 and 1980 under 2 insect-control regimes
for a total of 4 environments. The effect of Okra leaf on
lint yield was influenced greatly by environments but
relatively little by genetic backgrounds. Average yield
for Okra and normal leaf was 597 and 625 kg/ha,
respectively. Bract types were more sensitive than leaf
types to environments and genetic backgrounds. The
average yield for normal and frego-bract types grown
under insect control environments was 751 and 582 kg/ha;
and under the no control regime was 674 and 435 kg/ha,
respectively. Varying environments were more important in
the evaluation of these traits than varying genetic
backgrounds.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1984. Influence of leaf morphology on lint
yield of cotton - enhancement by the sub okra trait. Crop
Sci. 8: 855-857. The average yield of eight near-isogenic
lines of sub-okra leaf was significantly higher than
their normal counterparts by 4.8 percent. The research
was conducted at three Delta locations in
1982.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1984. Quantitative genetics, In Kohel,
R. J. and Lewis, C. F. (eds.) Cotton. Am. Society of
Agronomy. pp 131-150. A review of cotton quantitative
inheritance studies were made. Topics covered were
genotype x environment interaction, heterosis, gene
action, combining ability, association of traits, and
selection progress.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1985. Lint yield genotype x environment
interactions in upland cotton as influenced by leaf
canopy isolines. Crop Sci. 25: 509-512. Near isogenic
lines of normal, okra leaf, and normal x okra leaf
F1 and F2 populations for eight
cotton cultivars were evaluated in 1979 and 1980 with two
planting dates and three seeding rates at Stoneville, MS.
F2 leaf canopy types produced the most stable
yields across all environments. Strong leaf type x
environment interactions were detected.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1988. Registration of eight sub-okra cotton
germplasms. Crop Sci. 28: 1035-1036. Eight sub okra
cotton germplasms were released.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1990. Contributions of introductions to cotton
improvement. in Shands, H. L. (ed.) Contributions
of introductions to crop improvement. Am. Society of
Agronomy. pp 127-146. The history of cotton breeding is
mostly the history of introductions and their use. Three
improvement programs that have made major use of
introductions are the Texas Multiple Adversity Resistant
Improvement Program; Acala program in California; and Pee
Dee, South Carolina program. Several species which have
contributed to these programs are Gossypium arboreum,
G. thurberi, and G. barbadense, as well as the
Mexican Race stocks. From these introductions, progress
in disease and insect resistance, fiber quality, and
yield have been obtained.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. 1990. Yield and fiber-quality potential for
second-generation cotton hybrids. Crop Sci. 30:
1045-1048. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the potential of using F2 hybrids by comparing
them with parents and F1's for yield, fiber
quality, and interaction with environments. The genetic
design was a half-diallel consisting of seven mid-South
parents, 21 F1's, and 21 F2's. The
49 genotypes were grown in 1987 and 1988 at three sites
near Stoneville, MS. Average first-harvest yield was 594,
688, and 643 kg/ha for the parents, F1's, and
F2's, respectively. Average yarn tenacity was
130, 134, and 132 kN m/kg for the parents, F1
and F2 hybrids, respectively. Both
F1 and F2 hybrids had significantly
fewer short fibers than the parents. The results indicate
that F2 hybrids have the genetic potential for
increasing cotton yields and fiber quality.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. and R. R. Bridge. 1984. Genetic contributions
to yield changes in cotton. in Fehr, W. R. (ed.)
Genetic contributions to yield gains of major crop
plants. Am. Society of Agronomy. pp. 75-87. (Book
chapter). Both regression techniques and comparison of
obsolete and modern cultivars indicate cotton breeders
have been increasing the yield of cotton through genetics
by about 1 percent for the period beginning in about
1910.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr., T. W. Culp, K. Q. Robert, G. F. Ruppenicker,
W. S. Anthony, and J. R. Williford. 1991. Determining
future cotton variety fiber quality objectives. Textile
Research J. 61(12), 715-720. Two plantings of 19
varieties with 2 replications each were made in both
Mississippi and South Carolina in 1986. The varieties
represented a broad range of types grown across the
U.S.A. Yarn tenacities of 42 tex (14 Ne) and
27 tex (22 Ne) open-end and 30 tex (20
Ne) and 12 tex (50 Ne) ring
spinning were determined for the 152 samples. Correlation
of yarn tenacity values between spinning methods was
high; r2 = 93 percent. Variety bundle
strength (T1) consistently gave the highest
correlation with yarn tenacity, with an average
r2 of 89 percent. Fiber fineness and
length also were correlated with yarn tenacity with an
r2 of about 50 percent.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. and R. Wells. 1986. Normal vs. okra leaf yield
interactions in cotton. I. Performance of near-isogenic
lines from bulk populations. Crop Sci. 26: 219-222. Okra
leaf selections in a Deltapine 5540 x Stoneville 7A
okra-leaf, nectariless strain F7 population
yielded 7 percent more lint than their normal leaf
near-isolines. Stoneville 213 normal leaf yielded 10
percent more lint than its back-crossed (BC5)
okra leaf near isoline. The results from these
experiments imply that certain populations have the
genetic potential of producing okra-leaf cottons with
higher yielding ability than that of normal-leaf
cottons.
Meredith,
W. R. Jr. and R. Wells. 1987. Sub-okra leaf influence on
cotton yield. Crop Sci. 27: 47-48. A study in three
diverse environments in 1985 near Stoneville, MS,
compared the yield of eight
BC4F3-derived sub okra-leaf
(Lu2) and normal-leaf
(l2) cotton plants. Sub-okra leaf averaged
significantly higher lint yields (3 percent) than
normal-leaf cotton. Significant cultivar x leaf type
interactions for yield were detected. This study
indicates that for some genetic backgrounds and
environments that the use of sub okra to replace normal
leaf offers a potential yield increase of 3 to 5
percent.
Meredith,
W. R., Jr. and R. Wells. 1989. Potential for increasing
cotton yields through enhanced partitioning to
reproductive structures. Crop Sci. 29: 636-639. The
objective of this study was to determine if yield
increases through breeding would likely continue through
changes in partitioning of dry matter from vegetative to
reproductive structures. Five obsolete cultivars, 5
current cultivars, and 15 advanced strains from 5 cotton
breeding organizations were used for yield and growth
analyses at 3 environments, 2 in 1985 and 1 in 1986. The
20 current cultivars and advanced strains showed
significant yield variability, which showed strong
negative genetic correlations with plant height and stem
weight to total dry weight ratio; r = 0.44 and
-0.80, respectively. This study suggests that yield
increases through the use of conventional breeding
methods are likely to be achieved through continued
partitioning of dry matter from vegetative to
reproductive structures.
Milam,
M. R., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L.
Parrott. 1985. Combining tarnished plant bug resistance
with frego bract. Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Sta.
Bulletin No. 939. 4 pp. Frego bract and the resistance of
Timok 811 were combined into one line. Development of a
frego bract strain as resistant as Timok 811 and with the
lint yield of D 7146N was reported. Thus, the
susceptibility of frego bract can be mitigated by
resistance genes from other sources.
Milam,
M. R., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L.
Parrott. 1989. Breeding upland cotton for resistance to
the tarnished plant bug. Field Crops Res. 21: 227-238.
Generation mean analyses were used to determine gene
action in four sets of crosses. Three of the four crosses
had genes segregating for resistance to tarnished plant
bugs. Dominant gene action was primarily responsible for
resistance measured as yield and earliness when grown
under high levels of tarnished plant bugs.
Millner,
P. D. and J. E. Jones. 1987. The influence of leaf and
bract shape and insect resistance traits on bacterial and
endotoxin content of cotton fiber. Proc. 11th Cotton Dust
Res. Conf. pp. 26-27. Fiber from field tests was used to
assess the effect of the frego bract, okra leaf, and
nectariless characteristics on the amounts of
gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin present in extracts
of the fiber. Isolines with either okra leaf or frego
bract traits grown at Baton Rouge, LA, in 1984 were found
to have comparable numbers of gram-negative bacteria, but
significantly less endotoxin than normal leaf-normal
bract cotton. The bacterial or endotoxin status of the
fibers may not be reflected in the status of dust
generated by carding the respective fibers.
Minton,
E. B. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1987. Root-knot nematode
effect on nine cotton cultivars in Mississippi. Crop Sci.
27: 1001-1004. Performance of nine cotton cultivars when
grown in fumigated and nonfumigated soils was related to
root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
galling. Root-knot juveniles and root-gall indices were
reduced by fumigation. The greatest reduction in root
galling occurred on nematode-susceptible cultivars. Lint
yields of most susceptible cultivars were increased 2 to
6 percent by Telone II, while lint yield of resistant
cultivars was slightly decreased. Regression analysis of
yield differences between nonfumigated and fumigated
treatments on the root- knot indices of the cultivars
grown in the nonfumigated plots showed that M.
incognita reduced yield 35.7 kg/ ha for each unit
increase in root-gall index.
Muhammad,
N. and J. E. Jones. 1990. Genetics of resistance to
reniform nematode in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 13-16.
Generation mean analysis was used to evaluate the
inheritance of resistance to reniform nematode (RN) in
three crosses of resistant x susceptible cotton strains.
The study indicated that resistance to RN was under
genetic control and inherited in a quantitative manner.
No pattern was observed for the significance of additive
and dominance gene effects, but significant epistatic
gene effects occurred in most cases.
Myles,
E. L., Jr. and J. E. Endrizzi. 1989. Aneuploids induced
by deficiencies of chromosome 9 and analysis of the time
of nondisjunction in cotton. Genome 32: 12-18. Plants
monosomic for chromosome 9 or haplodeficient for the long
arm of the chromosome produce a high frequency of
aneuploid progeny. The aneuploids include monosomes,
trisomes, and multiple monosomic and trisomic
combinations that are the result of chromosome
nondisjunction, which is induced by the deficiency of the
long arm of chromosome 9.
Narbuth,
E. V. and R. J. Kohel. 1990. Inheritance and linkage
analysis of a new fiber mutant in cotton. J. Hered. 81:
131-133. A completely dominant mutant, Ligon lintless-2,
is described. Mutant plants have short fibers similar to
Ligon lintless-1. The plant morphology is normal. No
linkages were found with the 24 loci tested from 12
linkage groups.
Negrotto,
D. V. 1988. Comparison of Agrobacterium strains in
the transformation of cotton. M.S. Thesis, University of
Arkansas. Twenty-seven strains of Agrobacterium
were tested for their ability to transform four cultivars
of cotton. The cotton genotypes did not differ in the
percentage of hypoctyl segments transformed. The strains
of Agrobacterium, however, differed. Twenty out of
27 strains were capable of inciting tumors on seedling
epicotyl stumps. Seven out of 24 strains were able to
transfer marker DNA to cotton hyocotyl sections. A.
tumefaciens strain 208 was the most efficient in
transfer of t-DNA to cotton.
Novick,
R. G., J. E. Jones, W. S. Anthony, W. Aguillard, and J. I
Dickson. 1991. Genetic trait effects on nonlint trash of
cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1029-1034. Twelve near-isolines
involving four leaf shapes (normal, semi-okra, okra, and
super-okra), two bract types (normal and frego), and two
leaf-pubescence levels (hairy and semismooth) were
evaluated for nonlint trash content before ginning and
after ginning, followed by zero, one, and two lint
cleanings. Semismooth and super-okra leaf traits reduced
motes and small-leaf trash before ginning. They produced
grades similar to the check with one less lint cleaner.
Frego-bract isolines had less leaf and bract trash in
lint than the normal-bract check at any level of lint
cleaning.
Oosterhuis.
D. M., S. D. Wullschleger, and J. McD. Stewart. 1988.
Diversity in cotton root anatomy. Ark. Farm Res.
37(3):19. The root vascular arrangement was examined in
21 genotypes of G. hirsutum including 5 race
stocks, 1 G. barbadense, 1 G. arboreum, and
6 wild diploid species representing the C, D, and E
genomes. All diploids were tetrarch while G.
hirsutum was predominantly 4 to 5. However, T-25 and
the G. barbadense had vascular bundles arranged
from pentarch to heptarch.
Pan,
J. J. and R. J. Kohel. 1982. Mapping of translocation
breakpoints on chromosome 12 of upland cotton,
Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Nanjing Agric. Coll. 12:
17-32. Naked seed, glandless-2, and nectariless-1 were
mapped with translocation stocks T 7-12, T 11-12, T
12-19, and T5-12.
Parrott,
W. L., J. N. Jenkins, and J. C. McCarty, Jr. 1983.
Feeding behavior of first-stage tobacco budworm
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on three cotton cultivars. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. 76: 167-170. Describes the feeding
behavior of tobacco budworm early stage larvae. First
stage larvae do not eat gossypol glands. After the first
molt and between 48 and 72 hours of age, larvae stop
avoiding feeding on gossypol glands.
Parrott,
W. L., W. R. Meredith, Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and J. C.
McCarty, Jr. Effects of cotton genotype and early or no
insecticide treatment on abundance of selected cotton
insects in the Mississippi Delta, 1976. USDA-ARS,
Agricultural Research Results, Southern Series #12
(ARS-S-12), Aug. 1982. Two nectariless near isolines, a
smooth-leaf line, and a high-gossypol line were evaluated
at four Delta locations under two insect management
systems. Data are presented on 45 species or groups of
insects sampled for several weeks during the
season.
Penna,
Julio C. V. 1980. Comparisons among selected upland
cotton cultivars and strains utilizing the methods of
numerical taxonomy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State
University. Twenty-four selected cotton cultivars
and strains from eight countries were described for 52
characteristics to determine the phenotypic relationships
among them utilizing cluster analysis and to estimate
within-country variability. The most dissimilar cultivars
were '4F' from Pakistan vs. 'Del Cerro' from Peru, while
the most similar were 'Deltapine 16' from the USA and
'Minas Dona Beja' from Brazil. Four groups of multiple
cultivars were formed. Group I included three U.S.A.,
three Brazil, and two U.S.S.R. entries; Group II, two
from the U.S.S.R.; Group IV, two from the U.S.S.R. and
two from Bulgaria; and Group VIII, two from the U.S.A.
All other groups were single entries. Excluding South
American entries, the U.S.A. cultivars clustered into a
distinct group from the Old World cultivars. Within the
latter, the Bulgarian entries were the most similar,
followed by those from the U.S.S.R., and then
individually by entries from Thailand, Uganda, and
Pakistan. The U.S.A. cultivars formed three groups --
Group I, Plains-type cultivars; Group II, a surprising
grouping of a Coker with an Acala cultivar; and Group
III, Delta-types. Estimates of within-country variability
were possible for the four countries contributing two or
more entries to this study. The mean estimates among the
entries from the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., and Brazil were
similar; whereas, all three were considerably higher than
for Bulgaria which is in a genetically more vulnerable
position.
Penna,
J. C. V., L. M. Verhalen, and W. M. Johnson. 1984. Reacao
de 24 cultivares de algodao a fusariose, bacteriose e
verticiliose no campo. (In Portuguese) Pesq. Agropec.
Bras. 19: 243-246. Responses of 24 cotton cultivars to
fusarium wilt, bacterial blight, and verticillium wilt
were determined. The highest level of tolerance to
fusarium wilt was exhibited by the cultivar
'IAC-RM4-SM5' from Brazil, followed
by '4F' from Pakistan, 'Acala SJ-5' from the U.S.A.,
'Minas Dona Beja' from Brazil, and 'C-4727' from the
U.S.S.R. The most tolerant accessions to bacterial blight
were 'CA(68)41' from Uganda, 'Westburn M' and 'Paymaster
303' from the U.S.A., and 4F from Pakistan. The most
tolerant to verticillium wilt were Acala SJ-5, Paymaster
303, and 'Lankart LX 571,' all from the U.S.A.
Percival,
A. E. 1987. The National Collection of Gossypium
Germplasm. South. Coop. Ser. Bull. No. 321, June 1987,
362 pp. A catalog of the seed accessions maintained by
the National Cotton Germplasm Collection.
Percival,
A. E. 1987. The National Cotton Germplasm Collection -
What is it? Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod. Res. Conf., Abst.
p. 112 A description of the components that comprises the
National Cotton Germplasm Collection.
Percival,
A. E. 1991. Collectors track cotton in Latin America to
stay ahead of habitat destruction. Diversity, vol. 7, nos
1&2 pp. 66-68. The importance of obtaining cotton
germplasm through plant explorations to several Latin
American and Caribbean countries is reviewed.
Percival,
A. E. 1991. Norte y suramerica colaboran en algodon.
Diversity, vol. 7, nos. 1&2 pp. 71-74. The importance
of collaborating with the Latin American and Caribbean
countries, where cotton is endemic, to secure cotton
germplasm is reviewed.
Percival,
A. E. and R. J. Kohel. 1990. Distribution, collection,
and evaluation of Gossypium. (ed. N.C. Brady.)
Adv. Agron. 44: 225-256. A review of the history of
cultivated cotton, its domestication, and origins. The
distribution of wild and cultivated forms is given. Major
collections of germplasm and the status of evaluations
are reported.
Percival,
A. E., J. Schwendiman, and J. L. Belot. 1986. Cotton
collecting on nine Caribbean islands and South Florida.
Plant Genetic Resources - Newsletter,
AGP/86/66:2-5.
Percival,
A. E. and J. M. Stewart. 1985. 1984 survey and collection
in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Proc. Beltwide Cott.
Prod. Res. Conf., Abst. p. 44. Seeds of dooryard and wild
accessions of G. barbadense were
collected.
Percival,
A. E., James McD. Stewart, Lorenzo Perez, Alejandro
Garcia, and Arturo Hernandez. 1992. Collecting cotton
endemic to northwest Mexico. Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod.
Res. Conf., Abst. p. 607. A cotton exploration to
northeast Mexico was successful in obtaining seeds of
Gossypium hirsutumL., G. thurberi Tod., G. armourianum
Kearn., G. harknessii Brandeg., G. davidsonii Watt,
and G. turneri Fryxell. An extensive location
where G. aridum Skov. is endemic was also
determined.
Percy,
R. G. 1986. Effects of environment upon ovule abortion in
interspecific F1 hybrids and single species
cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 938-942. Difference in
ovule abortion numbers occurred between the G.
hirsutum and G. barbadense species, but
highest numbers were observed in interspecific hybrids.
The rate of increase in ovule abortion number with
increasing environmental stress was far greater in
hybrids than in parent species.
Percy
R. G. and L. S. Bird. 1985. Rust resistance expression in
cotyledons, petioles, and stems of Gossypium
hirsutum L. J. Hered. 76: 202-204. Rust resistance
inheritance was re-examined to determine if single-gene
resistance fit observed resistance expression. Resistance
in petioles and stems was found to be independent of
cotyledon resistance. An association of petiole and stem
resistance was detected.
Percy,
R. G. and C. M. Rush. 1985. Evaluation of four upland
cotton genotypes for a rate-limiting resistance to
Phymatotrichum root rot. Phytopathology 75:
463-466. Rates of fungal growth and symptom development
were observed in rows of four genotypes of upland cotton
using viewing ports and a boroscope. Genotype had no
effect on the rate of linear growth of the pathogen from
plant to plant. Symptom progression from plant to plant
and symptom-expression interval (time between fungal
contact and symptom expression) did not vary with
genotype. No rate-limiting resistance was
observed.
Percy,
R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1988. Development of short and
coarse-fibered America Pima cotton for use as parents of
interspecific hybrids. Crop Sci. 28: 913-916. In diallel
analyses, significant genotype mean squares and general
combining ability (GCA) estimates indicated useful
variability for shorter, coarser fiber. Ratios of GCA
sums of squares to total sums of squares indicated
greater additive variability was available for micronaire
(GCA SS/total SS=0.70) than for length (GCA SS/total
SS=0.34). Selective advance toward a short, coarse Acala
type fiber appeared feasible within the elite Pima
germplasm.
Percy,
R. G. and J. F. Wendel. 1990. Allozyme evidence for the
origin and diversification of Gossypium barbadense
L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 529-542. Allozyme analysis was
performed on 153 accessions representing the spectrum of
G. barbadense diversity to ascertain the
geographic center of diversity, patterns of diffusion,
and to reveal infraspecific relationships. Northwestern
South America contained the greatest genetic variability
and is probably the species center of origin. Advanced
cultivars appeared to be derived from west Andean
germplasm, but displayed evidence of introgression with
G. hirsutum. Caribbean and Central American
accessions were low in genetic variability and appeared
to be derived from northern South America, east of the
Andes. Evidence of introgression with G. hirsutum
was low or absent in areas of sympatry in the Caribbean
and Central America.
Percy,
R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1991. Early-maturing,
short-statured American Pima cotton parents improve
agronomic traits of interspecific hybrids. Crop Sci. 31:
709-712. A study was conducted to determine if four G.
barbadense strains bred for short stature and
earliness would favorably affect plant height, earliness
and yield potential of G. hirsutum x G.
barbadense interspecific hybrids. Significant
parental effects were noted in hybrids for all three of
the above traits. At higher elevation test sites, which
maximized the observed hybrid yield heterosis, parent
earliness was a better predictor of hybrid yield than was
parent yield.
Percy,
R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1991. Inheritance of
male-sterile mutant Ms13 in American Pima
cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1520-1521. A single gene, recessive
mutant conferring complete, stable male sterility
described. Tests for allelism with previously described
recessive male sterility genes were negative. Linkage
tests between the new male sterility gene, designated
ms13, and 23 Gossypium mutant genes
were negative.
Percy,
R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1992. Interspecific hybrid
fiber characteristics of cotton altered by unconventional
Gossypium barbadense L. fiber genotypes. Crop Sci.
32: 1437-1441. A regression of hybrid on G.
barbadense parent fiber traits produced an R² of
0.95 for 2.5 percent span length and R² of 0.52 for
micronaire. Heterotic effects in hybrids exceeded reposes
due to parent contribution and opposed the direction of
selection practiced on the G. barbadense parents
in the study. Assuming the validity of extrapolation, a
parent fiber length of 17.3 mm and micronaire of 6.38
would be required to produce a hybrid fiber with an Acala
type 30.5 mm length and 4.20 micronaire.
Percy,
R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1992. Notice to plant breeders
and geneticists relative to release of three
noncommercial germplasm lines of Gossypium
barbadense L. cotton. USDA and Arizona Agric. Exp.
Stn. Memo. 3 p. and Registration. Three G.
barbadense germplasm lines were released for use as
parental lines in interspecific hybrid and extra-long
staple breeding efforts. These lines represent a range of
short-statured, early maturing, uniquely fibered
phenotypes.
Pettigrew,
W. T., J. J. Heitholt, and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1992.
Early season floral bud removal and cotton growth, yield,
and fiber quality. Agronomy J. 84: 209-214. In a 2-year
study, early season defruiting with ethephon reduced
yields 7 percent in 1990, but there was no difference in
yield in 1989. Fiber quality was not affected by ethephon
treatments. Cotton demonstrated a great potential to
compensate for early square loss.
Porter,
J. B. 1989. Adhesion of Agrobacterium to
Gossypium hirsutum suspension cultures. M. S.
Thesis, University of Arkansas. Twelve strains of
Agrobacterium representing the three biotypes were
examined for their ability to bind to eight genotypes of
cotton cells grown in suspension. Binding was indluenced
by pH and termperature with a pH 6.0 and 26-28C being
optimal. Significant (P = 0.01) differences occurred
among bacterial strains in the number of colony forming
units (cfu) per plant cell with strain A 208 giving the
highest. Differences (P = 0.05) occured among the cotton
genotypes with Delcot 344 giving the most cfu.
Price,
H. J., D. M. Stelly, T. D. McKnight, C. F. Scheuring, D.
Raska, M. J. Michaelson, and D. Bergey. 1990. Molecular
cytogenetic mapping of a nucleolar organizer region in
cotton. J. of Hered. 81: 365-370. A biotin-labeled cloned
fragment of 18S-28S ribosomal DNA from soybean was
hybridized to DNA in meiotic chromosomes of cotton
Gossypium hirsutum L. by in situ hybridization.
Hybridization sites were detected enzymatically by the
strptavidin-peroxidase procedure. Analysis of in situ
hybridization to metaphase I meiocytes from two
translocation heterozygotes and monosomics involving
chromosome 9 indicated that a cluster of ribosomal RNA
cistrons on chromosome are 9L. This is the first
molecular marker to be mapped in cotton, and, except for
translocation markers and arm deficiencies, it is the
first marker to be mapped to chromosome 9. In situ
hybridization to cytogenetic tester lines in combination
with meiotic analysis is a powerful technique for
assigning cloned DNA sequences to chromosomes and
chromosome arms.
Quisenberry,
J. E., B. Roark, D. W. Fryrear, and R. J. Kohel. 1980.
Effectiveness of selection in upland cotton in stress
environments. Crop Sci. 20: 450-453. Lines selected for
performance at Lubbock were tested at three Texas
locations, Lubbock, Big Spring, and College Station. It
was determined that the stress environment at Lubbock
prevented effective field selection.
Ramalho,
F. S., W. L. Parrott, J. N. Jenkins, and J. C. McCarty,
Jr. Effects of cotton leaf trichomes on the mobility of
newly hatched tobacco budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 619-621. Observation of movements
of newly hatched tobacco budworm larvae on four cotton
strains revealed that pubescence provides a mechanism of
resistance to movement of newly hatched
larvae.
Ramos,
L. C. S. and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Seed-oil content of
glanded and glandless cottons. JAOCS. 64: 1337-1340. Gene
action in glanded vs glandless cotton combinations for
seed-oil content. Seed-oil content was higher in the
glandless cottons, and gene action was more clearly
defined in the glandless backgrounds.
Ranjbar,
Gholam A. 1980. Effects of delayed harvest, cultivar, and
boll type on weathering damage to yield-related traits
and fiber quality in upland cotton. Ph.D. Dissertation,
Oklahoma State University. Four stormproof, four
storm-resistant, and four open-boll cultivars of cotton
were utilized in this study over 3 years at one location.
In most cases, cultivars having the same boll type
displayed similar trends for weathering effects on traits
associated with yield and fiber quality. Trends were
frequently different among the boll types. All
yield-related traits were reduced by delayed harvests in
at least 2 of the 3 years. Adverse effects of weathering
on most traits were more serious in open-boll cultivars
than in the other boll types, especially compared to the
stormproof cultivars. Storm-resistant cultivars generally
displayed intermediate responses between the open-boll
and stormproof types, but did not differ significantly
from the stormproof types for any yield-related trait in
any year. Significant differences between storm-resistant
and open-boll types were occasionally detected. All fiber
quality traits were reduced by delayed harvests in at
least 2 of the 3 years. Differences in trends among boll
types were not as consistent for fiber quality as they
were for the yield- related traits. The loss in a
character to be expected with each 2-week delay in
harvest is provided for each boll type.
Ray,
D. T. 1984. Metaphase I configurations of the reciprocal
translocations in a cytogenetic tester set of
Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered. 75: 371-377.
Twenty reciprocal translocations of the cytogenetic
tester set of G. hirsutum were cytologically
characterized.
Ray,
D. T. and J. E. Endrizzi. 1982. A tester-set of
translocations in Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered.
73: 429-433. A tester-set consisting of 20 translocation
lines, which identifies all 26 chromosomes of cotton, was
selected for reidentification of their
chromosome.
Rooney,
W. L. and D. M. Stelly. 1989. Allelic composition of
cotton at the Le1 and
Le2 Loci. Crop Sci. 29: 707-712.
Fifty-two cultivars were tested by observing the
frequencies of nonviable vs. viable progeny and the
timing of necrosis following two types of matings; (1)
Cotton cultivar x
le1le1Le
2dav and (2) (cultivar x
le1le1
le2le2) x
le1le1
Le2davLe2
dav. All 52 cultivars were found to be
Le1Le1Le2Le2,
indicating that the frequencies of alleles
le1 and le2 are zero,
or nearly so, in U.S.A.-developed G. hirsutum
germplasm. Results on necrotic development indicated that
the cumulative dosage of alleles Le1
and Le2 affected the onset of necrosis
in the presence of
Le2dav. Because
alleles le1 and le2
are rare in American upland cottons, the doubled-haploid
breeding system proposed by Stelly et al. will be
applicable to these stocks.
Rooney,
W. L. and D. M. Stelly. 1990. Genetic effects on the
timing of Le2dav
induced necrosis of cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 70-74. The
objectives of this study were to determine: (1) if the
timing of necrosis is under genetic control of the loci
Le1 and Le2; and (2)
if the mechanism of timing or node of gene action is
consistent across genotypes. Five cultivars
(Le1Le1Le2Le2)
were used as sources of Le1 and
Le2 alleles. Seedlings from reciprocal
crosses of (cultivar x
lelle1le2le2)
F1 plants and an
le1le1Le2dav
Le2dav tester were
scored for the presence and timing of the lethal
reaction. Results indicated that increased dosage of
alleles Le1 and Le2
with Le2dav hastens
necrosis, but variation among cultivars indicated that
Le1-Le2dav
and
Le2-Le2dav
interactions may not always be distinctly different.
Three possible explanations for these differences are:
(1) that additional loci are involved; (2) that allelic
actions is modified by background genotypic differences;
and/or (3) the Le1 and
Le2 loci are polymorphic.
Rooney,
W. L. and D. M. Stelly. 1991. Preferential transmission
of somatic elimination of a Gossypium sturtianum
chromosome in G. hirsutum. J. of Hered. 82:
151-155.
Rooney,
W. L., D. M. Stelly, and D. W. Altman. 1991.
Identification of four Gossypium sturtianum
monosomic alien addition derivatives from a backcrossing
program with G. hirsutum. Crop Sci. 31: 337-341.
Monosomic addition (MA) stocks were derived from
interspecific backcrosses of Gossypium sturtianum
J. H. Willis (2n = 2x = 26, C1
genome), with G. hirsutum L. [2n =
4x = 52, (AD)1 genome] as recurrent
parent. Using 10 MA plants of varied pedigrees from this
project, our objectives were to (1) identify and
characterize different MA stocks, (2) determine the
phenotypic effect of each addition chromosome, and (3)
estimate the frequency of (AD)1-C1
recombination. We identified 4 distinct G.
sturtianum MA types among the 10 analyzed, and have
temporarily designated these as C1-A,
C1-B, C1-C, and C1-D.
The C1-A, C1-B, and C1-D
MA stocks differed phenotypically from the recurrent
parent, while the C1-C MA stock was
phenotypically indistinguishable from the recurrent
parent. Genetic data to substantiate recombination have
not yet been obtained, but chiasmata were observed at a
frequency of 1.7 percent per meiotic C1
chromosomes of G. hirsutum is occurring, albeit
infrequently.
Ross,
K. M. 1982. Pigment gland expression in Gossypium
interspecific hybrids. M. S. Thesis, University of
Tennessee. Observations were made on the expression of
seed glands in three generations of (G. hirsutum x
G. sturtianum hexaploids. Individual seeds varied
in gland number, and low-seed-gland parents did not breed
true. However, S1 and S2 progeny from seed selected for
low-gland number had range and mean gland number shifted
toward glandless relative to the unselected plant
population. This implied selectable quantitative
inheritance of seed gland number. Number of glands in a
seed was not related to the number of glands on
vegetative structures of the plant derived from that
seed. Observations were made on the foliar gland density
of a G. arboreum line, G. anomalum, and
their F1 and F2 hybrids. Foliar
gland density was quantitatively inherited.
Saha,
S., D. M. Stelly, and A. E. Percival. 1988. Isozyme
polymorphism among diploid and tetraploid species of
cotton. Previews 1988 Beltwide Cott. Conf. p. 47. An
evaluation of the phylogenetic relationship among the
diploid and tetraploid species of cotton on the basis of
several isozyme banding patterns.
Schubert,
A. M., C. R. Benedict, and R. J. Kohel. 1986.
Carbohydrate distribution in bolls. Sec. III, Boll
Development, Ch. 2, pp. 311-323. in Mauney, J.R.
and J.M. Stewart (eds.). Cotton Physiol. No.1, The Cotton
Foundation Reference Book Series. A review of research on
carbohydrate source, distribution to bolls, and the
development of the boll and its components.
Schuster,
M. F., C. W. Smith, and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration
of nine high tannin cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30:
1375.
Schwendiman,
J., G. Ano, and A. E. Percival. 1985. Cotton collecting
in continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. Plant
Genetic Resources - Newsletter, AGP/85/64:33-37, FAO,
Rome, Italy. A collecting mission to obtain seeds of the
Gossypium spp., G. barbadense, G.
darwinii, and G. klotzschianum.
Schwendiman,
J., A. E. Percival, and J. L. Belot. 1985. Rapport de
mission dans diverses iles de le mer caribe sur la
preservation des resources genetique du cotonnier.
F.A.O.-I.B.P.G.R., AGR-PR 3/11. Fevrier - Mars 1985. 46
pp. Seeds of dooryard and wild accessions of G.
hirsutum and G. barbadense were collected.
Schwendiman,
J., A. E. Percival, and J. L. Belot. 1986. Cotton
collecting on nine Caribbean islands and South Florida.
Plant Genetic Resources - Newsletter, AGP/86/66:2-5.
Seeds of dooryard and wild accessions of G.
hirsutum and G. barbadense were
collected.
Shattuck,
V. and F. R. Katterman. 1982. Enhanced unscheduled DNA
synthesis in the cotyledons of Gossypium
barbadense L. by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS).
Biochem. and Biophysical Research Comm. 109: 1017-1025.
When cotyledonary tissue are treated with the mutagen
ethyl methanesulfonate and then germinated, an enhanced,
unscheduled DNA synthesis response is
observed.
Shattuck,
V. and G. Ramsay. 1983. Induction of a chromosomal
structural change in Gossypium barbadense L. by
ethyl methanesulfonate. J. of the Arizona-Nevada Acad. of
Sci. 18: 13-16. Two ethyl-methanesulphonate-induced
mutant cotton plants exhibiting atypical vegetative and
reproductive morphology were recovered from segregating
M2 population. Both plants possessed
duplicate-deficient chromosome segments involving a
translocation which was probably responsible for their
abnormal phenotype.
Shaver,
T. N., R. H. Dilday, and F. D. Wilson. 1980. Use of
glandless breeding stocks to evaluate unknown
Heliothis growth inhibitors (X-factors) in cotton.
Crop Sci. 20: 545-548. Texas race stocks with higher than
expected resistance to tobacco budworm, based on
flowerbud gossypol content (X-factors), were crossed to
glandless lines. Glandless progenies were evaluated to
determine whether the additional resistance was
independent of the toxic compounds found in the pigment
glands. Over 300 glandless F3 lines failed to
inhibit growth of tobacco budworm. The X-factor effect
therefore was associated with the pigment glands and
probably caused by (1) gossypol, (2) gossypol in synergy
with related toxic compounds, (3) gossypol-related
compounds that are more toxic than gossypol
itself.
Shepherd,
R. L. 1982. Genetic resistance and its residual effects
for control of the root-knot nematode-fusarium wilt
complex in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1151-1155. Two cultivars
(Deltapine 16 and Auburn 56) and a nematode-resistant
breeding line (Auburn 623 RNR) were grown in nematicide
treatment vs. untreated plots for 3 years. Auburn 623 RNR
without fumigation was more effective for controlling
root-knot nematodes than Auburn 56 and Deltapine 16 with
fumigation for controlling fusarium wilt disease.
Susceptible Stoneville 213 was grown the fourth year of
the test. Plots that were previously planted to Auburn
623 RNR produced higher lint yield and lower nematode
populations than those previously planted to Deltapine 16
or Auburn 56.
Shepherd,
R. L. 1983. Indices of resistance to root-knot nematodes
for primitive race stocks of upland cotton. USDA-ARS
ARM-S-33. None of 471 primitive race stocks evaluated for
resistance to the root-knot nematode were as resistant as
Auburn 634 RNR, but 18 were more resistant than
Clevewilt-6, a strain of a resistant cultivar. A galling
index and a reproductive index are given for the stocks
evaluated.
Shepherd,
R. L. 1983. New sources of resistance to root-knot
nematodes among primitive cottons. Crop Sci. 23:
999-1002. Eighteen primitive race stocks were identified
as being resistant to the root-knot nematode. Resistance
was widely distributed among stocks of different races,
indicating potential diversity of the resistant
germplasm.
Shepherd,
R. L. and A. J. Kappelman. 1986. Cotton resistance to the
root-knot-fusarium-wilt complex. I. Relation to fusarium
wilt resistance and its implications on breeding for
resistance. Crop Sci. 26: 228-232. Results indicated that
stem vascular resistance to fusarium wilt (FW) was
probably independent of any mechanism of resistance that
might have prevented fungal invasion of the vascular
system. Evidence presented indicated a low probability of
success would be expected for developing cultivars with
high field resistance to FW in the RKN-FW complex by
either selecting for vascular resistance in the
greenhouse or through field selection using present
techniques.
Shepherd,
R. L. 1986. Cotton resistance to the
root-knot-fusarium-wilt complex. II. Relation to
root-knot resistance and its implications on breeding for
resistance. Crop Sci. 26: 233-237. Results indicated that
cotton can be developed with genetic resistance to
fusarium wilt (FW) independently of root-knot nematode
(RKN) resistance. High field resistance to the RKN-FW
complex depends on high-RKN resistance, and cultivars
with high-RKN resistance probably would have adequate
field resistance to this complex even if they were
genetically susceptible to FW.
Shepherd,
R. L. and M. G. Huck. 1989. Progression of root-knot
nematode symptoms and infection of resistance and
susceptible cottons. J. of Nematol. 21(2): 235-241. When
exposed to root-knot nematodes, resistant A623 had faster
radicle growth, fewer and smaller cracks in the root
epidermis and cortex, fewer and smaller root galls,
one-twelfth as many egg masses, and one-fourth as many
eggs per egg mass as the susceptible, M-8. Root cracking,
galling, and giant cell formation are major effects of
root-knot nematode that may predispose cotton roots to
pathogens resulting in synergistic interaction and
diseases.
Shepherd,
R. L., J. C. McCarty, Jr., W. L. Parrott, and J. N.
Jenkins. 1988. Resistance of cotton cultivars and elite
breeding lines to root-knot nematodes. Miss. Agric. and
Forestry Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. #158. 5 pp. Most of the
presently grown cotton cultivars were susceptible to
root-knot nematode reproduction. In comparison, the
nematode was unable to reproduce enough to maintain its
population level on resistant breeding lines.
daSilva,
F. P., J. E. Endrizzi, and L. S. Stith. 1981. Genetic
study of restoration of pollen fertility of cytoplasmic
male-sterile cotton. Rev. Brasil. Genet. IV, 3: 411-426.
Two methods were employed in the study of pollen
fertility restoration for cytoplasmic male- sterile
cotton. The conventional genetic study indicated that
restoration of pollen fertility may be controlled by
three genes, whereby fertility is restored when at least
a single dominant allele is present at any two loci.
Cytogenetic studies clearly indicated single gene
inheritance. None of the tested chromosomes carried the
restorer factors.
Smith,
C. W. 1983. Registration of UArk1 and UArk2
early-maturing cotton germplasm. Crop Sci. 23:
1226-1227.
Smith
C. W. 1983. Registration of UARK-1 and UARK-2 Early
maturing cotton germplasm. Crop Sci 23: Germplasm
registration.
Smith,
C. W. 1988. Registration of 'Arkot 518' upland cotton
cultivar. Crop Sci. 28: 190.
Smith,
C. W. and A. Niles. 1988. Registration of 14 cotton
germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 28: 578-579.
Smith,
C. W. and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of seven cotton
germplasm lines adapted to the Coastal Bend of Texas.
Crop Sci. 30: 1373.
Smith,
C. W. and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of 10
improved-fiber-strength cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci.
30: 1373-74.
Smith,
C. W. and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of three cotton
germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30: 1372-1373.
Smith,
C. W., M. F. Schuster, and G. A. Niles. 1990.
Registration of 11 high-tannin germplasm lines. Crop Sci.
30: 1374.
Smith
C. W., M. F. Schuster, and G. A. Niles. 1990 Registration
of 17 high-tannin cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30:
1274-75.
Stanton,
M. A. 1992. Evaluation of the Asiatic cottons. PhD.
Dissertation, University of Arkansas. The accessions in
the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System's Asiatic cotton
collection were evaluated to provide mophological
descriptors and evaluation data on selected pest
resistances. Principal component analysis of
morphological measurements on the accession separated the
two species, but few infraspecific groupings were found.
The racial classification of the Asiatic species is
questioned. Ninety-five accessions evaluated for
resistance to root-knot nematode ranged from susceptible
to resistant compared to Auburn 634 and M-8. In
vitro evaluations of 182 accessions for resistance to
Heliothis virescens yielded 101 accessions with
reduced larvae growth and 94 with reduced survival
compared to a reference G. hirsutum cultivar. Two
hundred accessions of Asiatic did not have resistance to
seedling disease organisms Rhizoctonia and
Pythium. In evaluations for resistance to thrips,
25 of 43 accessions were significantly better than
Stoneville 506 in each of 3 years. Data on each accession
are available in the NPGS Genetic Resources Information
Network.
Stanton,
M. A., J. McD Stewart, and N. P. Tugwell. 1992.
Evaluation of Gossypium aboreum L. germplasm for
resistance to thrips. GRACE: (in press). Forty-three
accessions of G. arboreum were evaluated for
resistance to thrips (Thysanoptera) with Stoneville 506
as control. Seedling damage was standardized to Stonville
and ranked into quartiles by year. Four accessions ranked
in the lowest quartile in all years and may be of value
in a breeding program for resistance to
thrips.
Stelly,
D. M. 1990. Localization of the Le2
locus of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). J. of
Hered. 81: 193-197. Monotelodisomic tests were made to
locate the Le2 locus to an arm of
chromosome 26. Segregation among the
F1S1TC families indicated the
Le2 locus is located in the long arm of
chromosome 26, or within 5 cM of the centromere in the
short arm. The data also revealed that the
Le1Le2dav
interaction caused necrosis more quickly than did the
Le2-Le2dav
interaction. Estimates of differential emergence for
F1S1TC seed genotypes were used to
amend raw data in an unbiased manner, resulting in better
fits to expected segregation ratios and increased
homogeneity among families. The results lend credence to
previous inferences that differential viability can cause
non-Mendelian ratios among individual plants segregating
for alleles of this hybrid lethality system, and also
indicate that it should be possible to use TE26sh stocks
to develop isolines differing at the
Le2 locus.
Stelly,
D. M., D. W. Altman, R. J. Kohel, T. S. Rangan, and E.
Commiskey. 1989. Cytogenetic abnormalities of cotton
somaclones from callus cultures. Genome. 32: 762-770. The
objective was to detemine whether cytogenetic variation
contributes to somaclonal variation in cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L., 2n = 4x =
52). Of 117 somaclones of cotton regenerated from
18-month-old callus cultures of 'SJ-2' and 'SJ-5'
cultivars, 35 were analyzed for meiotic abnormalities.
The population of somaclones was extremely varied in
phenotype and fertility, both male and female. High
frequencies of aneuploidy and tertiary monosomy indicate
that cytogenetic anomalies are major source or somaclonal
variation in cotton. It was hypothesized that primary
cytogenetic events during cotton cell culture give rise
to breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles, which
subsequently give rise to secondary types of cytogenetic
abnormalities.
Stelly,
D. M., K. C. Kautz, and W. L. Rooney. 1990. Pollen
fertility of some simple and compound translocations of
cotton. Crop Sci. 39: 952-955. Pollen fertility levels of
plants either homozygous (TT) or heterozygous (NT) were
reported for 20 translocations, including 16
two-chromosome, 3 three-chromosome, and 1 four-chromosome
translocations. Fertility ranged from 90 to nearly 100
percent for TT and from 52 to 81 percent for NT plants,
indicating that TT and NT cytogenetic types in test-cross
populations that are segregating for a single
translocation should be distinguishable on the basis of
pollen fertility. Thus, all 45 breakpoints of the
screened translocations are of potential use as genetic
markers. These and previously published results
demonstrate collectively that all identified
translocations of G. hirsutum are amenable to
pollen analysis by fluorescene microscopy, even though
the species is disomic tetraploid.
Stelly,
D. M., J. A. Lee, and W. L. Rooney. 1988. Proposed
schemes for mass-extraction of doubled haploids of
cotton. Crop Sci. 28: 885-890. Development of a system
for mass-extraction from cotton was proposed. Three steps
are involved: (1) synthesis of hybrid-eliminating,
haploid-inducing (HEHP) lines and populations homozygous
for the Le2dav hybrid
lethality allele and the Se allele for semigamous
reproduction; (2) cross pollination of HEHP plants with
pollen of normal cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and
G. barbadense) to form inviable true hybrids, but
viable haploids; and (3) bulk treatment of all seed or
young viable seedlings with cohchicine to recover doubled
haploids en masse.
Stelly,
D. M. and W. L. Rooney. 1989. Delimination of the
Le2dav complementary
lethality system of Gossypium to intracellular
interaction. J. of Hered. 80: 100-103. The basis of
hybrid necrosis and lethality in cotton (Gossypium
spp.) caused by interactions of
Le2dav with
Le1 and Le2 was
investigated with regard to the possible roles of
intracellular and intercellular genetic interactions in
eliciting the hybrid necrosis. Seedlings chimeric for
sectors bearing the complementary hybrid lethality
factors Le2 vs.
Le1Le2 were derived
by crossing facultatively apomictic (semigamy)
Se-sesele1le1Le2Le2
ovule parents with nonapomictic pollen parents of the
genotype
sesele1le1Le2
davLe2dav.
Patterns of necrosis in F1 haploid, and
chimeric progenies indicated that events underlying the
hybrid lethality reaction are mediated via intracellular
interactions and intercellular diffusates are not
involved.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1981. In vitro fertilization and embryo
rescue. Environ. Expt. Bot. 21: 301-315. A review of
In vitro fertilization and embryo rescue. In
vitro fertilization of cotton ovules is reported for
the first time. Also, the following hybrids between
Gossypium species are reported for the first time:
G. herbaceum x G. armourianum, G. herbaceum
x G. somalense, G. herbaceum x G. harknessii,
G. herbaceum x G. longicalyx, G. arboreum x
G. armourianum, G. arboreum x G. somalense, G.
arboreum x G. harknessii, G. arboreum x G.
longicalyx, G. arboreum x G.tomentosum, G.
arboreum x G. mustelinum, G. hirsutum x G.
somalense, G. hirsutum x G. bickii, G.
barbadense x G. australe.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1982. Habitats of the wild Gossypium
species of Australia. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res.
Conf. p. 76. A Gossypium germplasm collections
trip was conducted in Australia during September 1981.
Observations are recorded on the ecological niches and
other features on 10 of the 11 indigenous species
recognized at that time.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1987. Cotton germplasm and biotechnology
research. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES, pp. 17-19. An
overview is given of a new cotton germplasm and
biotechnology research program at Arkansas. Elements of
the program include germplasm maintenance, evaluation,
and enhancement of selected traits and species from the
Gossypium germplasm pool. Ovule culture and
genetic engineering with Agrobacterium are
emphasized in the area biotechnology.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1988. Biotechnology and germplasm improvement.
Ark. Farm Res. 37(4): 6. An overview is given of a new
cotton germplasm and biotechnology research program at
Arkansas. Elements of the program include germplasm
maintenance, evaluation, and enhancement of selected
traits and species from the Gossypium germplasm
pool. Ovule culture and genetic engineering with
Agrobacterium are emphasized in the area
biotechnology.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1988. Update on the taxonomy of Gossypium.
Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 95-97. The
taxonomy of the Gossypium genus is discussed in
relation to germplasm utilization. The new species,
realignments and recombinations of the various taxa are
presented as they are currently recognized. A list of the
subgenera, sections, subsections, and species with
authorities as of 1988 is included.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1989. Cotton germplasm work at the University of
Arkansas. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report
138, pp. 75-79. The various germplasm pools available for
cotton improvement are discussed. Emphasis is placed on
the germplasm resources held at the University of
Arkansas. Brief mention is given to the various
resistance screens and germplasm enhancement efforts that
are being pursued at Arkansas.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1990. New cytoplasms for cotton. Proc. Cotton
Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report 144, pp. 55-58.
Research strategies and results on the introgression of
new cytoplasms into cotton are presented. The cytoplasms
of G. mustelinum, G. darwinii, G. sturtianum, G.
trilobum, and G. davidsonii are introgressed
into the nuclear background of G. barbadense
carrying the semigamy trait.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1990. The role of genetic engineering in crop
pest control. Ark. Farm Res. 39(3): 10. The potential of
genetic engineering in the control of crop pests is
discussed. It is now possible to engineer plants that
produce toxins, repellents, or other compounds that aid
in pest control.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1991. Biotechnological advances in cotton. Proc.
1991 Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report 149, pp.
77-82. An update is presented on the commercialization of
biotechnology in cotton, including the Bt cottons and
herbicide resistant lines.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1991. Biotechnology of cotton: achievements and
perspectives. ICAC Review Articles on Cotton Production
Res. No. 3. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 54 pp. An
extensive review of the advances of biotechnology in
cotton with treatments of work that is currently in
progress. A broad definition of biotechnology is taken to
include biological control, tissue culture, and molecular
genetics. A summary of the principles and tools of tissue
and molecular biology is presented for the lay reader.
The review ends with a discussion of the social and
regulatory aspects of genetic engineering.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1992. Germplasm resources and enhancement
strategies for disease resistance. Proc. Beltwide Cotton
Conf. pp. 1323-1325. The germplasm resources that make up
the primary, secondary, and tertiary genetic pools for
cotton improvement are described. For each pool
strategies are presented for efficiently introgressing
traits into agronomically acceptable breeding
lines.
Stewart,
J. McD. 1992. A new cytoplasmic male-sterile and restorer
for cotton. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special
Report. pp. 50-53. A new cytoplasmic male-sterile and
restorer system based on the cytoplasm of G.
trilobum in upland cotton is described. The system is
unique in that the restorer factor does not give
phenotypic segregate in F2 or F3
generations. These populations are basically fertile
until crossed with a non-restoring (B) line, wherein
male-sterile and male-fertile plants result.
Stewart,
J. McD., L. A. Craven, and P. A. Fryxell. 1987.
Gossypium germplasm from Australia. FAO/IBPGR
Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 69: 44-47. A report of a
germplasm collecting expedition to Australia in 1985 and
an account of the accessions of germplasm obtained of
Gossypium and other plants.
Stewart,
J. McD. and S. L. Cunningham. 1985. Two new
Gossypium species from Western Australia. Proc.
Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 73-74. Two new
species were recognized from germplasm collected in
Australia. The suggested specific names, G.
fryxelli and G. binatum, were presented
without formal descriptions, hence are nominea
nudea. The two species are now formally recognized as
G. nobile, and G. londonderriense,
respectively.
Stewart,
J. McD. and G. Felton. 1991\2. Host plant resistance -
the first line of defense. Ark. Farm Res. 41(4): 8-9.
Host plant resistance to pests relies on a number of
different mechanisms including production of proteins and
enzymes that have an antinutritional effect on insects.
Accumulation of a variety of these in a single line,
either by breeding techniques or genetic engineering,
will increase the resistance of the crop to the affected
pests and decrease the need for other control
measures.
Stewart,
J. McD., P. A. Fryxell, and L. A. Craven. 1987.
Recognition and distribution of Gossypium
nelsonii. Brunonia 10: 215-218. Gossypium
nelsonii and G. australe have sometimes been
confused. Field observations from central Australia are
reported on these two species, clearly distinguishing
them morphologically and distributionally.
Stewart,
J. McD., A. E. Percival, A. Miranda, E. C. Freier, and J.
A. Moreira. 1989. Cotton germplasm collection in Brazil.
Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod. Res. Conf., Abst. p. 135. A
cotton plant exploration was conducted in northeast
Brazil to collect seeds of "Moco" cotton cultivars and
the wild endemic tetraploid species Gossupium
mustelinum Miers ex Watt.
Stewart,
J. McD., A. E. Percival, L. Perez S., and E. A. Garcia C.
1991. Collection of wild Gossypium spp. from NW
Mexico and Baja, California. Agron. Abs. p. 209. A cotton
exploration to northeast Mexico was successful in
obtaining seeds of Gossypium hirsutum L., G.
thurberi Tod., G. armourianum Kearn., G.
harknessii Brandeg., G. davidsonii, Watt, and
G. turneri Fryxell. An extensive location where
G.aridum Skov. is endemic was also
determined.
Stewart,
J. M., A. E. Percival, and M. A. Stanton. 1987.
Verification of the U.S. Asiatic Cotton Germplasm
Collection. Agron. Abs. p. 112. A screening, for proper
identification, of the Asiatic diploid cottons
Gossupium herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L.
in the collection.
Stewart,
J. McD. and M. A. Stanton. 1988. Screening for resistance
in the Asiatic cottons. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES
Special Report 132. A program to screen for genetic
resistances among the Asiatic cotton germplasm accessions
is described. Resistances are being sought for
Heliothis, root-knot nematode, seedling disease
organisms, thrips, plant bugs, and boll
weevils.
Stringer,
S. J. and J. E. Jones. 1985. Field resistance to
Heliothis species in cotton strains with
genetically differing resistance backgrounds. Proc.
Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 388-390.
Bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage in 15
experimental strains was compared with the susceptible
cultivars, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41, and four
BW/TBW-resistant strains. Resistance traits in the study
included high flower bud gossypol gland density, yellow
pollen, nectariless, glabrous, "Q source," and
"X-factor." All experimental and resistant strains except
PD 8619 ("Q source") had significantly less fruit damage
than the susceptible check cultivars; all but three had
fewer live larvae in squares than the susceptible
cultivars. In a related study, near isogeneic strains
possessing different alleles for red pigmentation showed
little or no BW/TBW resistance compared to the Stoneville
213 check.
Turcotte,
E. L. 1986. Round leaf-3 mutant in American Pima cotton.
J. Hered. 77: 364-366. An incomplete leaf trait is
described. Heterozygous plants express several
characteristics including small, yellow-green and waxy
leaves that are often rounded, modified narrow bracts,
and normal branches arising from low mainstem nodes.
Homozygous dominant plants express an extreme phenotype
and they rarely shed pollen, making them functionally
lethal. The name Round leaf-3 and the gene symbol
Rl3 is assigned to the mutant. Linkage
tests between Rl3 and 23 other
Gossypium mutant genes were negative.
Turcotte,
E. L. 1987. Inheritance of a second wrinkled leaf mutant
in American Pima cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 702-704. A
monogenic recessive wrinkled mutant is described. The
mutant expresses on successive leaves beginning with the
first sympodial branch produced from nodes 6 through 8 on
field-grown plants. The wrinkled leaf trait was not
allelic with three other leaf mutant genes nor was it
linked with 22 Gossypium mutant genes. The name
wrinkled leaf-2 and the gene symbol wr2
are assigned to the mutant.
Turcotte,
E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1982. Doubled haploids of
American Pima cotton. USDA- ARS-ARM-W- 32.22 p. Five boll
and six fiber properties were described for 234 doubled
haploids of American Pima cotton (Gossypium
barbadense L.). These doubled haploids were derived
from 48 germplasm sources. Each doubled haploid was
uniform within, but varied extensively among, genotypes
for boll and fiber properties. The complete homozygosity
of doubled haploids had no apparent deleterious effects
on seedling vigor and plant growth; however, with few
exceptions the fiber properties of doubled haploids were
inferior to standards in at least one
property.
Turcotte,
E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1983. Inheritance of a golden
veins mutant in American Pima cotton. J. Hered. 74:
213-214. An incompletely dominant mutant that is
characterized by golden-colored leaf veins and glossy
leaf appearance is described. Homozygous dominant plants
are extremely dwarfed and do not flower. The name golden
veins and the gene symbol Gv are assigned to the
mutant. Linkage tests between Gv and 20
Gossypium mutant genes were negative.
Turcotte,
E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1985. Inheritance of
male-sterile mutant Ms12 in American
Pima cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 688-690. A dominant
male-sterile mutant is described and assigned the name
Male-sterile 12 and the gene symbol
Ms12 and other genetic male-steriles in
cotton are discussed.
Turcotte,
E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1985. Notice to plant breeders
and geneticists relative to release of five
non-commercial germplasm lines of Pima cotton. Ariz.
Agric. Exp. Stn. and USDA Memo. 3p. and Registration of
five American Pima cotton germplasm lines (Reg. No.
GP-255 to GP-259). Crop Sci. 26: 206. 1986. Five
germplasm lines of Gossypium barbadense L.
incorporating the genetic traits okra leaf, fertility
restoration, frego bract, glandless, and nectariless into
Pima backgrounds were released.
Turcotte,
E. L., C. V. Feaster, and E. F. Young, Jr. 1989. Notice
to plant breeders and geneticists relative to release of
six non-commercial germplasm lines of Pima cotton. Ariz.
Agric. Exp. Stn. and USDA Memo. 5 p. and Registration of
six American Pima cotton germplasm lines. (Reg. No.
GP-479 to GP-484). Crop Sci. 31: 495. 1991. Six germplasm
lines of Pima cotton, P45, P51, P53, P62, P66, and E15,
representing a range of yield potential, plant height,
earliness, tolerance to heat stress, boll and fiber
properties, and spinning performance were
released.
Turcotte,
E. L. and R. G. Percy. 1988. Inheritance of a second
virsescent mutant in American Pima cotton. Crop Sci . 28:
1018-1019. A monogenic recessive virsescent mutant is
described. Genetic studies showed that the virsescent
trait is not linked with 22 Gossypium mutant genes
or allelic with v7 in G.
barbadense or allelic with v7 in
G. barbadense L. or v1 and
v2 in G. hirsutum L. The name
virsescent-21 and the gene symbol v21
are assigned to the mutant.
Turcotte,
E. L. and R. G. Percy. 1990. The genetics of kidney-seed
in Gossypium barbadense L. Crop Sci. 30: 384-386.
Kidney seed cottons are a distinctive type in which the
seeds of each locule are conjoined into a single
kidney-shaped mass. Genetic studies of kidney seed showed
that it is inherited as a monogenic recessive, and that
it is not linked with 21 Gossypium mutant genes.
The gene symbol k was assigned to the kidney seed
trait. Several kidney cottons in the G. barbadense
germplasm collection are characterized by a complex of
traits and are known collectively as G. barbadense
var. braziliense. The present study expanded the
trait complex associated with
braziliense.
Turcotte,
E. L., R. G. Percy, and Carl V. Feaster. 1991. Notice of
release of a commercial variety of American Pima cotton,
'Pima S-7.' USDA and Ariz. Agric. Exp. Stn. Memo. 3 p.
and Registration of 'Pima S-7' American Pima cotton.
(Reg. No. CV-101, PI560140). Crop Sci. 32: 1291. 1992.
The advantages of Pima S-7 over Pima S-6 are earlier
maturity, greater heat tolerance, higher yield potential
at low and intermediate elevations, and earliness at high
elevations of the Pima cotton belt. Also, Pima S-7 is
slightly longer, 6 percent stronger, and has slightly
finer fiber. In processing, Pima S-7 gives 6 percent
stronger yarns than Pima S-6.
Umbeck,
P. F., K. A. Barton, E. V. Nordheim, J. C. McCarty, Jr.,
W. L. Parrott, and J. N. Jenkins. 1991. Degree of pollen
dispersal by insects from a field test of genetically
engineered cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 1943-1950. This
investigation was to evaluate the biosafety procedures
used to reduce pollen movement in plots of transgenic
cotton grown at Mississippi State, MS, in 1989. Plots
were surrounded by 24 border rows and pollen transfer to
these was measured. Outcrossing went from 5 to less than
1 percent by 7 meters away from the test plot. A low
level of pollen dispersal of less than 1 percent
continued to occur sporadically in the remaining border
rows out to a distance of 25 meters. Border rows
fulfilled their purpose of serving as a pollen sink to
reduce pollen dissemination from the test
plot.
Umbeck,
P. F. and J. McD. Stewart. 1985. Substitution of cotton
cytoplasm from wild diploid species for cotton germplasm
improvement. Crop Sci. 25: 1015-1019. A program to
introgress the cytoplasms of wild Gossypium
species into cultivated cotton is introduced. Gibberellic
acid and embryo rescue are used to recover initial
interspecific hybrids. Fertilization and embryo
development are strongly dependent on the pollen donor.
The degree of hybrid embryo development is more important
than size or chronological age in obtaining seedlings.
The following hybrids are reported D8 x
AD1; E1 x AD1;
E1 x A2; E2 x
A2. Chromosome associations at meiosis in
these hybrids agreed with published reports for the
reciprocal hybrids, so cytoplasm does not have a major
effect on chromosome pairing.
Verhalen,
L. M. and J. C. Banks. 1989. Cotton classing in Oklahoma.
Oklahoma Coop. Ext. Serv. Current Rep. CR-2107. The
purpose of cotton classing and the methods used to
accomplish it are described in this publication. The
factors on the class card (including grade, grade
remarks, color, trash, fiber length, uniformity,
micronaire, and fiber strength) are discussed as to their
interpretation and their importance in the manufacturing
process.
Verhalen,
L. M., M. B. Bayles, and N. B. Thomas. 1984. Cotton
varieties for Oklahoma: A short-season environment. Proc.
Western Cotton Prod. Conf. pp. 8-15. This paper describes
the historical importance of cotton production in
Oklahoma up to 1984 and the environmental limitations
(biotic and abiotic) to that production in the state. The
evaluation of cotton cultivars to cope with those
limitations in the short-term is discussed. The breeding
and genetics of cotton to cope with those limitations in
the long-term is also presented.
Verhalen,
L. M., R. W. Foraker, R. K. Bowman, R. W. Thacker, B. E.
Greenhagen, and R. W. McNew. 1992. Cultivar by planting
date by year interaction study for irrigated cotton in
Oklahoma. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. p. 612. (Abstr.)
These experiments included two cultivars (a stripper and
a picker type), seven planting dates/year, and 5 years at
one location. Cultivar (C) by planting date (PD) by year
(Y) interactions comprised 5.2 percent of the total
variation for fiber strength and less than 2 percent for
all other traits. The C by Y and PD by Y components
generally totaled less than 30 percent of the total
variation, except for lint yield where the PD by Y
component comprised 41.4 percent and was the major
component. The C by PD interaction was significant only
for fiber length. Response trends over PD (over Y and C)
were quadratic for lint yield; linear for lint
percentages and for micronaire; and nonsignificant for
uniformity index and fiber strength. Those trends over PD
(over Y) for fiber length by cultivars were quadratic in
three of four cases. Maximum lint yields were obtained
for the 2-week time interval including PDs 3 and 4 (May
15 and 22). Expanding that interval to include PDs 2 (May
8) and 5 (May 29) lowered lint yield in those weeks by 4
and 5 percent, respectively. Expanding that interval to
include PDs 1 (May 1) and 6 (June 8) lowered lint yield
in those weeks (from the maximum) by 13 and 16 percent,
respectively. Expanding that interval to include PD 7
(June 15) lowered lint yield by 30 percent relative to
dates 3 and 4. Examining lint yield in individual years
showed that extremely early planting was advantageous in
1 year, ambiguous in 2, and disadvantageous in 2
others
Waddle,
B. A. 1982. The present state of the art and science of
plant breeding for variety-environment interactions.
Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 125-128.
Genotype by location of year interactions prevents
universal adaptation by a given variety. Interaction have
been progressively reduced at the major breeding centers
by the use of broadly based testing sites over multiple
years and by a policy to stay close to a proven phenotype
in all progeny selections. Short season cottons and
stormproof types are spin-offs from genotype-cultural
practice interactions. The existence of genotype by
environment interactions in the germplasm pool is the
feed stock supporting the capacity to change
phenotypes.
Wallace,
T. P. and K. M. El-Zik. 1989. Inheritance of resistance
in three cotton cultivars to the HV1 isolate of bacterial
blight. Crop Science 29: 1114-1119. The inheritance of
resistance to a new isolate of Xanthomonas
campestris pv malvacearum, designated as HV1,
in cotton cultivars 'S295,' 'Tamcot CAMD-E,' and
'Stoneville 825' was investigated. Cotyledons and true
leaves were wound inoculated with the pathogen and graded
for disease reaction on a scale of 1 to 10. Parental,
F1, F2 and backcross progenies
indicated resistance was inherited as a single gene with
complete dominance for resistance. Progenies resistant to
the HV1 isolate were also resistant to a mixture of
U.S.A. races. The gene for resistance to HV1 in cultivar
S295 was designated as B12.
Wallace,
T. P. and K. M. El-Zik. 1990. Quantitative analysis of
resistance in cotton to three new isolates of the
bacterial blight pathogen. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79:
443-448. The inheritance of resistance in three cotton
cultivars to three new isolates of Xanthomonas
campestris pv malvacearum designated as HV3,
HV7, and Sudan were investigated by inoculating parents,
F1font size="-1">2's,
BC1F1 and
BC2F1 with each isolate using the
toothpick scratch method. Generation means analysis of
progenies indicated that dominance, when significant, was
in the direction of resistance. Digenic interaction
components indicated a duplicate type. Narrow-sense
heritability estimates ranged from 0.59 to
0.68.
Wallace,
T.P. and K.M. El-Zik. 1992. Reaction of three cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars to single and mixed
isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv.
malvacearum. Plant Path. 41: 569-572. Resistant
and susceptible cotton cultivars were inoculated with
four African isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv
malvacearum and the USA race 18. Each isolate was
used as a single inoculum and in mixtures with other
isolates. Plants were wound inoculated at both the
cotyledon stage and true leaf growth stage and evaluated
15 days later for disease reaction on a scale of 1 to 10.
When the most virulent isolate (HV1) was mixed with any
other isolate, disease grades were greatly reduced. The
efficiency of selection for germplasm resistant to
bacterial blight may be reduced if the most virulent
isolate is included in an inoculum mixture.
Waller,
G. D., F. D. Wilson, and J. H. Martin. 1981. Influence of
cotton phenotype, season, and time-of-day on nectar
production. Crop Sci. 21: 507-511. Twenty-five cultivars
and breeding stocks of upland cotton and two cultivars of
Pima cotton were studied for diurnal and seasonal
patterns of floral nectar production. Nectar secretion
began at 0800 hours and increased linearly to 1700 hours
when the flowers closed. Sugar amounts (approximately 25
µl nectar/flower during mid-season) and
concentrations (approximately 20 percent mid-day) in
upland cotton were similar for all 25 entries. Sugar
amounts were almost three times; higher in the Pima
cultivars. Honeybee visits were negligible to all
entries, even though 10 honeybee colonies per hectare
were provided.
Wells,
R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1984. Comparative growth of
obsolete and modern cotton cultivars. I. Vegetative dry
matter partitioning. Crop Sci. 24: 858-862. Old cultivars
(released before 1920) partitioned more dry matter into
stems than modern cultivars. Old cultivars tended to have
higher leaf area indexes and light interception values
than many of the modern cultivars. Net assimilation rates
were not higher in newer cultivars.
Wells,
R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1984. Comparative growth of
obsolete and modern cotton cultivars. II. Reproductive
dry matter partitioning. Crop Sci. 24: 863-868. Modern
cultivars produced a greater proportion of their squares
and flowers earlier than obsolete cultivars. Modern
cultivars appear to produce a larger lint yield by two
major processes. The first is greater partitioning of dry
matter to reproductive organs. The second is an increased
amount of reproductive development occurring when maximal
leaf mass and area are present.
Wells,
R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1984. Comparative growth of
obsolete and modern cotton cultivars. III. Relationships
of yield to observed growth characteristics. Crop Sci.
24: 868- 872. The largest contribution to yield variation
was the number of bolls produced. Modern cultivars
produced a greater proportion of their total lint and
boll number before 135 days after planting than did
obsolete cultivars. Earlier production of modern
cultivars is associated with smaller vegetative plant
canopies and an earlier transition to reproductive
growth. Modern cultivars exhibited smaller boll weights
and a greater lint percentage than obsolete cultivars.
Fiber quality, with the exception of increased
micronaire, showed little improvement due to plant
breeding.
Wells,
R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1986. Heterosis in upland
cotton. I. Growth and leaf area partitioning. Crop Sci.
26: 1119-1123. Four established upland cotton cultivars
and their six F1 hybrids were monitored in
three environments. Total biomass was greater in hybrids
than their parents in all environments. Growth analysis
showed that heterosis greatly affected early development
of the hybrids. Similar leaf area partitioning occurred
in the parents and F1's. Hybrids produced
greater leaf area index resulting from greater net
assimilation rates in early crop development.
Wells,
R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1986. Normal vs. okra-leaf
yield interactions in cotton. II. Analysis of vegetative
and reproductive growth. Crop Sci. 26: 223-228. Four
paired near-isogenic okra-leaf and normal leaf lines were
planted in replicated trials on two planting dates in
1983 at Stoneville, MS. Two strains had superior lint
yield by the normal leaf sib, while two others had
superior lint yield by the okra-leaf sib. 'Stoneville
213' normal leaf was superior in yield to its
BC5 okra-leaf near-isoline. Except for plant
height, the parameters of vegetative and reproductive
growth showed no significant leaf type x strain, or leaf
type x strain x harvest date (maturity) interactions.
Okra leaf produced leaf area that was 26 and 49 percent
smaller than those produced by normal leaf line for the
April and May planting dates, respectively. This
disparity was partially offset by the production of more
leaves by the okra entries in the earlier but not later
planting. The maximum potential of cottons with okra
leaves remain unclear, because of the large leaf type x
environmental interactions.
Wells,
R., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1986.
Canopy photosynthesis and its relationship to plant
productivity in near-isogenic cotton lines differing in
leaf morphology. Plant Physiol. 82: 635-640.
Near-isogenic lines of MD65-11 of normal, sub-okra, okra,
and super okra were compared in a 2-year study at
Stoneville, MS. The F1 and F2
populations of normal x okra leaf were also grown in
these studies. Integrated canopy photosynthesis (ICAP)
was significantly associated with light interception with
averages of 36.3, 38.9, 32.7, 23.9, 38.5, and 36.5 ICAP
relative units for normal, sub-okra, okra, super okra,
F1 and F2 lines, respectively. Lint
production was positively related to ICAP (R² =
0.53).
Wells,
R., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1988.
Heterosis in upland Cotton. II. Relationship of leaf area
to plant photosynthesis. Crop Sci. 28: 522-525. Three
established cultivars and their three F1
hybrids were examined in two field environments. Hybrid
progeny had significantly greater leaf area index and
canopy photosynthesis rates in both environments during
the earlier plant growth stages. Hybrids and their
parents showed no differences in single leaf apparent
photosynthesis (AP). Total dry weight was significantly
correlated with leaf area index (r = 0.85**). Early AP
per plant was significantly associated with leaf area per
plant. Later in development, this association weakened.
The data indicate that hybrids produced generally bigger
plants that intercepted more light than their parents,
and have had increased photosynthesis rates on a
per-plant basis. Factors that affect early plant growth
can result in associated changes in AP per plant and
accentuate the need for prudent crop management during
early development.
Wendel,
J. F., C. L. Brubaker, and A. E. Percival. 1992. Genetic
diversity in Gossypium hirsutum and the origin of
Upland cotton. Amer. J. Bot. 79(11): 1291-1310. This
study was conducted to assess levels and patterns of
genetic variation in the species and to elucidate the
origin of upland cotton. Five hundred and thirty eight
accessions representing the full spectrum of
morphological and geographical diversity were analyzed
for allozyme variation at 50 loci.
Wendel,
J. F., P. D. Olson, and J. McD. Stewart. 1989. Genetic
diversity, introgression, and independent domestication
of old world cultivated cottons. Amer. J. Bot. 76:
1797-1808. One hundred three accessions of G.
arboreum and 31 accessions of G. herbaceum
were examined for allelic variation at 40 allozyme loci.
G arboreum possesses greater diversity than G.
herbaceum, although both have low allozyme variation.
Contrary to expectations, the two species are highly
differentiated with respect to allozyme composition. The
authors suggest that a significant portion of the allelic
diversity in both species results from historical,
bidirectional interspecific introgression. Because the
genetic identity\y estimate (0.74) is markedly lower than
for documented progenitor-derivative and crop-ancestor
species pair, and because of other cytogenetic and
genetic data, the cultivated G. arboreum and G.
herbaceum appear to be independently domesticated
from divergent ancestors.
Wendel,
J. F. and A. E. Percival. 1990. Molecular divergence in
the Galapagos Islands - Baja California species pair,
Gossupium klotzschianum and G. davidsonii.
Pl. Syst. Evol. 171, 99-115. Molecular divergence between
Gossupium davidsonii Andress., and G.
klotzschianum Kell. was studied. Genetic and
taxonomic data suggests that these two species are
related as progenitor and derivative
respectively.
Wendel,
J. F. and R. G. Percy. 1990. Allozyme diversity and
introgression in the Galapagos Islands endemic
Gossypium darwinii and its relationship to
continental G. barbadense. Biochemical Systematics
and Ecology 18: 517-528. Allozyme analysis was performed
on 58 accessions collected on six islands of the
Galapagos archipelago to determine the diversity and
species status of G. darwinii. Levels of variation
were high for an island endemic, and may have resulted
from interspecific gene flow from introduced G.
barbadense. Levels of introgression corresponded with
levels of human habitation and activity on the six
islands. It is suggested that the specific rank for G.
darwiniiis warranted.
Wendell,
J. F., J. McD. Stewart, and J. H. Rettig. 1990. Molecular
evidence for the origin of Gossypium bickii via
homoploid reticulation. Evolution 45: 694-711. Cladistic
analysis of maternally inherited cpDNA restriction site
mutations unite G. bickii with G.
sturtianum, even though these two are in different
taxanomic sections. Phylogenetic analysis of allozyme
markers and restriction site mutations in nuclear
ribosomal DNA indicate that G. bickii shares a
more common ancestor with G. australe and G.
nelsonii than it does with G. sturtianum. The
discrepancy between independent molecular phylogenies
indicates a biphyletic ancestry of G. bickii. This
example, and others in Gossypium, attests to the
evolutionary possibility of interspecific cytoplasmic
transfer, and perhaps the origin of diploid species via
reticulate speciation. This is an example of natural
cytoplasmic introgression without long-term survival of
nuclear genes from the maternal progenitor.
Wharton,
T. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L.
Parrott. Productivity and tobacco budworm resistance of
cotton developed between 1890 and 1986. Crop Sci. 31:
29-32. 1991. Describes results of field evaluation for
tobacco budworm resistance of selected cultivars
developed between 1895 and 1986. For every kilogram of
lint yield increase due to breeding during the 96-year
period, there was a corresponding lint yield increase
under high infestations of tobacco budworm of only 0.69
kg of lint.
White,
W. H., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., McCarty, J. C.,
Jr., Collum, D. H. and Hedin, P. A. 1982. Generation mean
analyses of various allelochemics in cottons. Crop Sci.
22:1046-1049. This research determined the inheritance of
putative allelochemicals for resistance to tobacco
budworm. The high degree of additive gene action for
condensed tannins, a flavonoid-anthocyanin mixture,
gossypol as measured by the CHEA test, and total
phenolics indicate that it should be possible to fix and
select for increased levels of these
compounds.
White,
W. H., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., McCarty, J. C.,
Jr., Collum, D. H. and Hedin, P. A. 1982. Strain and
within-season variability of various allelochemics within
a diverse group of cottons. Crop Sci. 22: 1235-1238.
Genetic and environmental interactions were studied for
putative allelochemicals conferring resistance to tobacco
budworm. Those in the study were total phenolics,
gossypol and its analogs, a flavonoid-anthocyanin
mixture, and condensed tannins as measured by three
methods. The results suggest that differences in levels
of these allelochemicals are inherited and that genetic
effects among cotton strains should be manageable in
breeding programs.
Williford,
J. R., S. T. Rayburn, and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1986.
Evaluation of a 76-cm row for cotton production.
Transactions of the ASAE. 29(6): 1544-1548. Field studies
in 1982, 1983, and 1984 were conducted to study the
effects of year, soil type, irrigation, variety, and row
spacing. In 1982, five cultivars produced more lint on
76-cm rows than in 102-cm rows, when all were irrigated.
Without irrigation, all eight varieties produced more
lint on 102-cm rows.
Wilson,
F. D. 1980. Cotton cultivars resistant to the pink
bollworm. p. 46-51 in Graham, H. M. (ed.) Pink
bollworm control in the western United States.
USDA-ARS-ARM-W-16. List of the cotton cultivars that
showed reduced seed damage caused by pink bollworm when
grown in insecticide-free plots at Phoenix and Tempe,
Arizona.
Wilson,
F. D. 1982. Present state of the art and science of
cotton breeding for insect resistance in the West. Proc.
Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 111-117. Future
cotton cultivars for irrigated areas of the West may be
quite different from the full- season cultivars favored
by growers for many years. Cottons that combine a high
level of insect resistance with acceptable fiber yield
and quality will be of great value to western
growers.
Wilson,
F. D. 1983. The taxonomic status of Hibiscus
berberidifolius A. Rich. (Malvaceae). Brittonia 35:
175-179. Hibiscus berberidifolius is the right
name to be applied to this perennial species that occurs
in the mountains associated with the Great Rift Valley of
eastern Africa.
Wilson,
F. D. 1985. A genetic study of the number of involucral
bract teeth in cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 32-34. A primitive
race stock of cotton, Texas 207, had many more bract
teeth than did the cultivar Stoneville 7A. Genetic
studies suggested that those two parents differed by at
least three pairs of genes that acted additively in
concert. Narrow-sense heritability was 46
percent.
Wilson,
F. D. 1986. Inheritance of ephemeral leaf mutant in
upland cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 498- 500. The gene
ep, inherited as a monofactorial recessive,
conditions a developmental mutant that results in
misshapen leaves from about stem nodes 6 to 18. The
ep gene is not allelic to, nor closely linked to
veins-fused (vf) or to strap
(s).
Wilson,
F. D. 1986. Pink bollworm resistance, lint yield, and
lint yield components of okra-leaf cotton in different
genetic backgrounds. Crop Sci. 26: 1164-1167. Okra-leaf
in seven different cultivar backgrounds were compared
with their normal-leaf counterparts. Okra-leaf in some
genetic backgrounds showed a modest level of resistance
to pink bollworm and yielded as much lint as their
normal-leaf cultivars. However, the inconsistent response
of some okra-leaf lines emphasizes the importance of
comparing them with their normal-leaf cultivars over a
range of environments.
Wilson,
F. D. 1986. Registration of seven cotton germplasm lines.
Crop Sci. 26: 206-207. Seven lines, carrying nectariless,
smoothleaf, and okra leaf and their normal counterparts
in all possible combinations, were transferred into AET-5
background.
Wilson,
F. D. 1987. Inheritance of pink filament in cotton. J.
Hered. 78: 223-224. Pink filament is conditioned by two
incompletely dominant gene pairs, designated,
Pf1 and Pf2. Pink
filament is expressed only when petal spot, conditioned
by R2, is present.
Wilson,
F. D. 1987. Pink bollworm resistance, lint yield, and
earliness of cotton isolines in a resistant genetic
background. Crop Sci. 27: 957-960. The pink-bollworm
resistant line AET-5 had significantly less pink bollworm
damage than the control cultivar, Deltapine 61. AET-5N
(nectariless), AET-5L (okra leaf), AET-5NL, and AET-5NSL
(S =Smoothleaf) isolines all had less damage than did
AET-5 itself. However, AET-5S, AET-5NS, and AET-5SL did
not have less damage than AET-5. Also, AET-5NL
unexpectedly did not have less damage than AET-5N or
AET-5L. All lines carrying S yielded less lint, and were
later maturing than those that did not carry S. Thus,
nectariless and okra leaf were valuable pink-bollworm
resistant traits, while Smoothleaf was not.
Wilson,
F. D. 1987. Projections on the prospects of host-plant
resistance in fiber crops. p. 523- 525 in
Magallona, E. D. (ed.) Proc. 11th Intern. Congr. Plant
Prot., 5-9 Oct. 1987, Manila, Philippines. A review of
the present state of host-plant resistance research on
fiber crops, significant research accomplishments and
breakthroughs, and the actions needed to take advantage
of those accomplishments and breakthroughs, particularly
by scientists with limited resources.
Wilson,
F. D. 1987. Registration of three cotton germplasm lines.
Crop Sci. 27: 820-821. WC-10NL, WC-11NSSL, and WC-12NL
are cotton germplasm lines that combine the
pink-bollworm-resistant traits nectariless (N) and okra
leaf (L) in improved agronomic backgrounds.
Wilson,
F. D. 1989. Inheritance of undulate leaf mutant of upland
cotton. J. Hered. 80: 482- 483. The undulate leaf mutant
is so named because leaves have undulate margins. They
also have a light-green color as a result of reduced
chlorophyll content. The mutant expression is conditioned
by a recessive gene, designated ul. This gene is
not allelic to 10 other leaf shape genes.
Wilson,
F. D. 1989. Yield, earliness, and fiber properties of
cotton carrying combined traits for pink bollworm
resistance. Crop Sci. 29: 7-12. A series of germplasm
lines carrying various combinations of nectariless (N),
semi-smoothleaf (SS), and okra leaf (L), were compared
with nectaried, normal-leaf cultivars. All N, NL, NSS,
and NSSL lines sustained less seed damage caused by pink
bollworm and most were equal in lint yield and earliness.
Some were equal and some were deficient in fiber
properties.
Wilson,
F. D. 1990. Relative resistance of cotton lines to pink
bollworm. Crop Sci. 30: 500-504. In a series of diallel
and generation-mean experiments, the amount of seed
damage caused by pink bollworm to 13 cotton lines and
several series of F1 hybrids was compared with
damage done to the resistant control line AET-5. Only
Stoneville 7A okra leaf equalled the level of resistance
shown by AET-5, and T39C-1-L was inconsistent over two
seasons. No F1 hybrid had lower seed damage
than that of the lowest parent.
Wilson,
F. D. 1991. Combining ability for yield, yield
components, and earliness of cotton with resistance to
pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 31: 922-925. Only T39C-1-L, a
pink-bollworm resistant germplasm line (among four lines
that were evaluated), equalled the control cultivar,
Stoneville 825, in yield but it was later in maturity.
Both T39C-1-L and Stoneville 825 showed significant
general combining ability for high lint yield and bolls
per plant. Stoneville 825 achieved its high yield by
producing many relatively small bolls while T39C-1-L
produced fewer but larger bolls. The T39C-1-L ×
Stoneville 825 F1 showed specific combining
ability effects for high yield, seeds per boll, and
earliness.
Wilson,
F. D. 1991. Twenty years of HPR -- progress, problems,
prognostications. p. 42-544 in D. J. Herber and D.
Richter (eds.) Proc. Beltwide Cotton Res. Conf. 8-12 Jan.
1991, San Antonio, TX. National Cotton Counc., Memphis,
TN. A review of the 20-year history of host-plant
resistance research at the Western Cotton Research
Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona. Progress: the best
germplasm line required 41 percent less insecticide to
control pink bollworm (PBW), yielded 12 percent more
lint, and was significantly earlier than the control
cultivar. Problems: personnel decisions led to
different plant breeder/entomologist relations; the best
arrangement was when both partners made joint decisions
concerning the direction of the research.
Prognostications: new, highly resistant germplasm
developed by private industry using genetic engineering
methods, and improved technologies in other areas of
biological control of PBW suggest that the HPR research
can focus more on other insects and less on
PBW.
Wilson,
F. D. 1992. Registration of eight cotton germplasm lines
with pink bollworm resistance. Crop Sci. 32: 288-289.
Eight germplasm lines were registered which carry various
combinations of nectariless, semi- smoothleaf, and okra
leaf in improved agronomic backgrounds.
Wilson,
F. D. and J. K. Brown. 1991. Inheritance of resistance to
cotton leaf crumple virus in cotton. J. Hered. 82:
508-509. Deltapine 90, highly susceptible to cotton leaf
crumple virus, was crossed with Cedix, highly resistant.
Seedlings of parents, F1, F2, and
backcross hybrids were exposed to viruliferous whiteflies
in a greenhouse, then transplanted to the field and
scored for virus symptoms. Factors controlling symptom
expression were inherited as duplicate factors. The
severe symptom phenotype (genotype
c1c1
c2c2) was recessive
to the asymptomatic phenotype (genotypes
C1_C2_).
Wilson,
F. D., J. K. Brown, and G. D. Butler, Jr. 1989. Reaction
of cotton cultivars and lines to cotton leaf crumple
virus. J. Ariz.-Nev. Acad. Sci. 23: 7-10. The widely
grown cultivars Deltapine 61 and Deltapine 90 are highly
susceptible to infection by the cotton leaf crumple
virus, vectored by the sweetpotato whitefly. A cultivar
from El Salvador, Cedix, is highly resistant. Nineteen
lines from a resistance breeding project in Nicaragua
showed highly variable responses.
Wilson,
F. D., H. M. Flint, L. A. Bariola, and C. C. Chu. 1991.
Reduction in insecticide use associated with cotton
resistant to pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 31: 363-366. At two
locations over three seasons, the mean number of
insecticide applications for pink bollworm control was 41
percent lower for the nectariless, okra-leaf,
early-maturing WC-12NL than for the nectaried,
normal-leaf, full-season Deltapine 61. First and last
insecticide application dates averaged 21 days later and
10 days earlier for WC-12NL. WC-12NL had less pink
bollworm damage, yielded more lint, was earlier, but had
inferior fiber properties when compared with Deltapine
61.
Wilson,
F. D., H. M. Flint, W. R. Deaton, D. A. Fischhoff, F. J.
Perlak, T. A. Armstrong, R. L. Fuchs, S. A. Berberich, N.
J. Parks, and B. R. Stapp. 1992. Resistance of cotton
lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to
pink bollworm Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and other insects.
J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 1516-1521. In a field experiment at
Maricopa, AZ, three transgenic cotton lines containing
the Bt toxin gene, had 95 percent fewer rosetted
blooms, 99 percent fewer pink bollworm per boll, and 97
percent lower seed damage than did the Coker 312 control
cultivar. Cotton leafperforator damage was apparently
absent on leaves of the transgenic lines, whereas the
control cultivar sustained heavy damage. Leaf feeding
damage of saltmarsh caterpillar and beet armyworm was
minimal on the transgenic leaves, but leaves of the
control cultivar were virtually destroyed. The transgenic
lines showed no resistance to nonlepidopterous pest
species, an expected result.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1980. Combining ability for
agronomic and fiber properties in cotton stocks resistant
to pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 20: 563-566. Two cultivars,
Deltapine 61 and Stoneville 256, and four
pink-bollworm-resistant breeding stocks were evaluated in
a diallel cross experiment for 12 agronomic and
fiber-property traits. Results suggested that it would be
easy to combine the pink-bollworm resistance of Texas 167
with the desirable agronomic and fiber-property traits of
the cultivars, but it would probably be more difficult
for AET-5, Texas 31, and Texas 55.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1981. Breeding cotton for
resistance to pink bollworm. Proc. Beltwide Res. Conf. p.
63-65. Breeding should be easy to combine morphological
characters (nectariless, smoothleaf, and okra leaf) and
early maturity, each of which imparts some resistance to
pink bollworms. Breeding to transfer antixenosis and
antibiosis, however, will be more difficult because their
detection requires bioassays. [Authors' note:
Additional research showed that smoothleaf is not a
reliable resistance trait.]
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1981. Breeding potentials of
noncultivated cottons. V. Productivity of cultivars, race
stocks, and F1 among them in long- and
short-day environments. Crop Sci. 21: 410-414. Twelve
primitive race stocks, four upland cultivars, and 24 race
stock × cultivar F1 hybrids were grown
in the summer at Phoenix, AZ, and in the winter at
Isabela, Puerto Rico. Genetic variability among the
hybrids was caused by the race stocks, because the
cultivars were very similar. Positive heterosis for
F1 vs. cultivar comparisons was shown by 26
percent of all hybrid/agronomic trait combinations in
Puerto Rico and by 9 percent in Arizona.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1981. Lint yield and resistance
to pink bollworm in early maturing cotton. Crop Sci. 21:
213-216. Moderately early-maturing cultivars and breeding
stocks of upland cotton sustained less pink-bollworm
damage and yielded slightly less to substantially more
lint by mid-September than full-season cultivars did by
mid-October. Very early-maturing cottons sustained the
lowest amount of seed damage but had lower yield
potentials than the moderately early and full-season
cottons.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1982. Effects of okra-leaf,
frego-bract, and smoothleaf mutants on pink bollworm
damage and agronomic properties of cotton. Crop Sci. 22:
798-801. Seed damage by pink bollworm and 11 agronomic
traits were studied in eight isolines of upland cotton,
carrying all possible combinations of okra leaf, frego
bract, and smoothleaf vs. their normal-leaf and bract
equivalents. Okra leaf appears to have value as a
pink-bollworm resistant trait, frego bract does not, and
smoothleaf must be reevaluated.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1983. Effect of pink bollworm on
agronomic properties of resistant and susceptible cotton.
Crop Sci. 23: 695-698. The major effect of pink bollworms
on a susceptible upland cultivar, Deltapine 61, a
resistant upland breeding stock, AET-5, and a susceptible
Pima cultivar, Pima S-5, was to damage rather than to
destroy seed. Also, most bolls stayed on the plant rather
than abscising. Agronomic properties were much less
affected in untreated, as compared to insecticide treated
plants of the resistant AET-5 than of the two susceptible
cultivars.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1983. A genetic and breeding
study of pink bollworm resistance and agronomic
properties in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 1-4. Pink bollworm
resistance and high lint percentage of the upland
breeding stock, AET-5, when crossed with a nectariless
advanced breeding stock, 24-8 ne, showed high
narrow-sense heritabilities; gene action was primarily
additive.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1984. Pink bollworm
(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae): Selecting for antibiosis in
artificially and naturally infested cotton plants. J.
Econ. Entomol. 77: 720-724. Seven primitive race stocks,
a susceptible cultivar, and a resistant upland breeding
stock, were infested artificially with pink bollworm
eggs, and also allowed to become infested naturally.
Texas 39 was variable in its resistance and was separated
into susceptible and resistant lines. T39C-1-L, a
resistant line, had significantly less seed damage than
T39C-1-H, a susceptible line, and also less than the
susceptible cultivar Deltapine 61 in both artificially
and naturally infested plots.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1985. Innovations in the x-ray
technique of evaluating cotton germplasm for resistance
to pink bollworm. USDA-ARS-40. The innovations reduced
the amount of time required to process seed samples for
x-raying by 57 percent (5.6 vs. 12.9 minutes per
sample).
Wilson,
F. D. and B. W. George. 1986. Smoothleaf and hirsute
cottons: response to insect pests and yield in Arizona.
J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 229-232. Smoothleaf
(Tsm1 = Sm2) isolines
did not differ significantly than hirsute isolines in
susceptibility to pink bollworm or cotton leafperforator.
They were, however, more susceptible to Lygus
hesperus and tended to yield less seedcotton. The
semi-smoothleaf 'Deltapine 16' (T3 =
Sm3) did not differ in pink bollworm damage,
but had less lygus damage and more cotton leafperforator
damage than did its smoothleaf isoline.
Wilson,
F. D., B. W. George, and H. M. Flint. 1985. Progress in
transferring resistance to pink bollworm into nectariless
cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p.
386-388. Eight of 14 nectariless backcross progenies,
with several cotton cultivars as recurrent parents and
the resistant AET-5 as the donor parent, had no more seed
damage than AET-5 and compared favorably in lint yield
and other agronomic properties with the
cultivars.
Wilson,
F. D., B. W. George, K. E. Fry, J. L. Szaro, T. J.
Henneberry, and T. E. Clayton. 1986. Pink bollworm
(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae): Egg hatch, larval success,
pupal, and adult survival on okra-leaf and normal-leaf
cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 1671-1675. Pink bollworm
oviposition was no different, but fewer larvae penetrated
the bolls of Stoneville 7A okra leaf than of the
normal-leaf Stoneville 7A cultivar. Boll temperatures
were higher on the okra-leaf line, but not enough higher
to account for the reduced larval penetration. In other
experiments, higher boll or soil- surface temperatures
did not result in higher insect mortality.
Wilson,
F. D., B. W. George, and Jayne L. Szaro. 1984. Pink
bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae): Oviposition and
larval success on resistant and susceptible cotton
plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 709-714. The resistance of
AET-5 to pink bollworms was caused mainly by lower
oviposition but also by lower penetration of the larvae
into the bolls of this cotton than into those of the
susceptible cultivar, Deltapine 61.
Wilson,
F. D., B. W. George, and R. L. Wilson. 1981. Screening
cotton for resistance to pink bollworm.
USDA-ARS-ARM-W-22. A list of cotton (G. hirsutum
and G. barbadense) cultivars, breeding stocks, and
primitive race stocks that showed resistance to pink
bollworms in diet bioassays, and in greenhouse and field
trials in Arizona and Puerto Rico.
Wilson,
F. D. and R. L. Shepherd. 1987. Plant pubescence, genetic
background, and seasonal effects on agronomic and fiber
properties of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 865-868. 1981
and 1982 results showed that no agronomic or
fiber-property deficiencies were associated consistently
with the smoothleaf trait, in comparisons of eight
smoothleaf lines and their hirsute cultivars. In 1983,
however, the two smoothleaf lines selected from the
earlier experiments yielded significantly less lint than
their hirsute counterparts, because of fewer bolls per
plant and less lint per seed.
Wilson,
F. D. and C. R. Smith, Jr. 1992. Behavior and survival of
pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on bolls of
resistant and susceptible cotton lines. J. Agric.
Entomol. 9: 165-173. Neonate larvae of pink bollworm
(PBW) were placed on bolls of T39C-1-L, a resistant line;
T39C-1-H, a susceptible sibling line; and Deltapine 90, a
control cultivar. T39C-1-L had fewer PBW entrance holes
and shorter internal carpel-wall mines than did T39C-1-H,
but both had more than did Deltapine 90. Larval response
to bolls of different ages (12 to 30 days) was similar in
all three entries. After neonate larvae had been placed
on artificial diet, moth emergence was lowest on T39C-1-L
carpel-wall diet, but also lower on carpel-wall diet of
T39C-1-H than on control, seed, or lint diets of the two
lines. After T39C-1-L carpels had been extracted
sequentially with methylene chloride and ethanol, moth
emergence was lower on diets to which the extracts had
been added than on the control diet.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. R. Stapp. 1984. Crossing success in cotton
in Arizona as affected by irrigation, time of
emasculation, and number of flowers pollinated. Agron. J.
76: 457-460. Retention of crossed bolls is low when
cotton plants are exposed to the high temperatures and
water deficits encountered commonly in irrigated desert
regions. In this study: (1) crosses made the first week
of a biweekly irrigation cycle yielded almost as much
hybrid seed as those made for the entire two weeks; (2)
flowers emasculated even as early as 0200 on the day of
pollination led to some self-contamination; and (3) seed
yield loss would not have been severe even if a shortage
of pollen forced us to pollinate as many as 30 pistillate
flowers with one staminate flower.
Wilson,
F. D. and B. R. Stapp. 1985. Emasculation and pollination
studies on upland cotton flowers. J. Ariz.-Nev. Acad.
Sci. 20: 107-109. Boll set from severely emasculated
flowers of upland cotton (calyx, corolla, and staminal
column removed) was 84 percent, not significantly
different than that from minimally emasculated flowers
(corolla slit, anthers removed; 75 percent), from selfed
flowers (81 percent), or open-pollinated flowers (84
percent). Boll set decreased to 6 percent when the ovary
was damaged. Treating severely emasculated flowers with
30 percent ethanol reduced self contamination from 26
percent to 1 percent, but reduced boll set only from 78
percent to 71 percent, when flowers were emasculated and
pollinated the same morning.
Wilson,F.D.
and J.L. Szaro. 1984. Comparison of two methods of
infesting cotton bolls with pink bollworm eggs. J. Econ.
Entomol. 77: 277-280. Pink bollworm eggs were suspended
in a solution of xanthan gum and pipetted onto cotton
bolls using an automatic repeating pipette. This method
was as effective as a method of placing 1-cm² egg
papers on bolls, and was also more efficient.
Wilson,
F. D. and J. L. Szaro. 1988. A rapid field technique for
infesting cotton plants with pink bollworm eggs. J. Econ.
Entomol. 81: 959-962. Pink bollworm eggs were suspended
in a 0.05% solution of gum xanthan in distilled water.
This suspension was sprayed on cotton plants in the field
with the use of a spray apparatus that maintained a
constant air pressure through the use of an oxygen tank.
This new method required 2.5 seconds per boll per person,
compared to 21.3 seconds with the use of an automatic
repeating pipette. In a replicated field experiment, this
method was used to detect 19 of 99 lines that had less
pink bollworm damage than the resistant control,
AET-5.
Wilson,
F. D. and J. L. Szaro. 1989. Behavior of cotton
leafperforator (Lepidoptera:Lyonetiidae) on wild and
cultivated cotton. J. Ariz.-Nev. Acad. Sci. 23: 45-48.
The behavior of cotton leafperforator larvae was studied
on the upland cultivar, Deltapine 70, and on Arizona wild
cotton, G. thurberi. Under the most natural
conditions of our experiments, i. e., free-choice
oviposition on intact plants growing in a full-sun
environment, the distribution of "horseshoes" (larval
resting stage) and later-stage larval feeding holes was
virtually the same on Deltapine 70 leaves (81 and 79
percent, respectively, on the lower surface),
necessitating practically no migration of post-horseshoe
larvae. On Arizona wild cotton, however, 81 percent of
the horseshoes, but only 32 percent of the fifth-instar
larvae were found on the lower leaf surface,
necessitating considerable larval migration.
Wilson,
F. D., J. L. Szaro, and B. A. Hefner. 1992. Behavior of
pink bollworm larvae (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on bolls
of normal-leaf and okra-leaf cotton isolines under
laboratory conditions. J. Agric. Entomol. 9: 55-63.
Neonate larvae were placed on bolls of Stoneville 7A,
Stoneville 7A okra leaf, Stoneville 213, and Stoneville
213 okra leaf, and behavior was observed for 70 minutes.
Fewer larvae penetrated the bolls of Stoneville 7A than
of Stoneville 213, and fewer penetrated the bolls of
Stoneville 7A okra leaf than of Stoneville 7A. This
difference in penetration was not caused by differences
in compression strength required to puncture bolls (not
different for the four entries) nor by the differences in
carpel wall thickness (thinner for Stoneville 7A okra
leaf than for Stoneville 7A).
Wilson,
F. D., R. L. Wilson, and B. W. George. 1980. Resistance
to pink bollworm in breeding stocks of upland cotton. J.
Econ. Entomol. 73: 502-505. An advanced breeding stock of
upland cotton, designated AET-5, consistently showed less
seed damage caused by pink bollworm than did control
cultivars in Arizona and Puerto Rico.
Wilson,
F. D., R. L. Wilson, and B. W. George. 1981. Agronomic
and fiber properties of primitive race stocks and hybrids
of cotton. USDA-ARS-ARM-W-21. Eleven agronomic and fiber
properties measured for 63 primitive race and six
agronomic properties for 233 race stocks showed that
genes were available to improve every trait in upland
cotton except lint percentage and fiber length. Cultivar ×
race stock F1 hybrids showed favorable
heterosis in 13 percent of the combinations in Arizona,
and in 33 percent of the combinations in Puerto
Rico.