SCSB386 Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

Altman, D. W., P. A. Fryxell, and R. D. Harvey. 1993. Sydney Cross Harland and Joseph B. Hutchinson: Pioneer botanists and geneticists defining relationships in the cotton genus. Huntia 9: [in press]. Biographical accounts of two noted British cotton scientists whose careers were intertwined, together with a documenting of their papers held in the archives of the John Innes Institute, Norwich, England.
Altman, D. W., P. A. Fryxell, and C. R. Howell. 1987. Development of a tissue culture method for collecting wild germplasm of Gossypium. FAO/IBPGR Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 71: 14-15. A method was developed, using tissue culture techniques under tropical field conditions, for collecting vegetative specimens for propagation -- i.e. using only readily available reagents like laundry bleach and rubbing alcohol, and requiring no refrigeration or special equipment.

Altman, D. W., P. A. Fryxell, S. D. Koch, and C. R. Howell. 1990. Gossypium germplasm conservation augmented by tissue culture techniques for field collecting. Econ. Bot. 44: 106-113. A reliable method is presented for preserving vegetative samples under field conditions for subsequent propagation. This method is especially valuable when seeds are not available.

Altman, D. W., D. M. Stelly, and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Introgression of the glanded-plant and glandless-seed trait from Gossypium sturtianum Willis into cultivated upland cotton using ovule culture. Crop Sci. 27: 880-884. The application of embryo rescue techniques are described to increase the success of introgression. Introgression into the BC4 was successful when conventional hybridizations failed at BC1.

Ano, G., J. Schwendiman, and A. E. Percival. 1983. Rapport de mission en Equateur sur la preservation des ressources genetiques du cotonnier. F.A.O.-I.B.P.G.R., AGR-PR 3/11, Sept.-Oct. et December 1983. 42 pp. A collecting mission to obtain seeds of the Gossypium spp., G. barbadense, G. darwinii, and G. klotzschianum.

Anthony, W. S., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1988. Neps in ginned lint: The effect of varieties, harvesting, and ginning practices. Textile Res. J. 58: 633-640. The effects of varieties, harvesting practices, and ginning techniques on the nep content of ginned lint were evaluated in a 2-year study in the Mississippi Delta. Neps increased more with lint cleaning than with harvesting practices or varieties. Two stages of lint cleaning increased the neps in ginned lint from 15.9 to 36.2 neps/645 cm² of web. The nep content was not significantly related to the number of seedcoat fragments, foreign matter, or grade.

Anthony, W. S., W. R. Meredith, Jr., J. R. Williford, and G. J. Mangialardi. 1988. Seed-coat fragments in ginned lint: The effects of varieties, harvesting, and ginning practices. Textile Research J. 58: 111-116. Weather, varietal, harvesting, and ginning effects on seed-coat fragment count and weight in ginned lint cotton were evaluated in a 2-year study in the Mississippi Delta. Harvest and lint cleaner treatments had little effect on fragment count, while year and variety had strong influences.

Banks, J. C., L. M. Verhalen, G. W. Cuperus, and M. A. Karner (ed.). 1992. Cotton production and pest management in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Coop. Ext. Serv. Circ. E-883. This manual contains 16 chapters on various aspects of cotton production in Oklahoma. Its usefulness should also extend onto the Rolling Plains of Texas. Several chapters contain information related to cotton genetics and breeding.

Bayles, Melanie B. 1991. Two breeding studies: I. Trends in cotton cultivars released over time by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station; and II. Reconstitution of the recurrent parent in cotton when backcrossing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. In the first study, 12 cotton cultivars, released by the Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. between 1918 and 1982 inclusive, were evaluated to determine selection progress over time in that cotton breeding program. Lint yield increased 2.3 kg/ha each year under dryland conditions and 3.3 kg under irrigation. A yield plateau for cotton has not yet been reached in the state. Trends were also evident for fiber length, strength, lint percentage, boll size, weight of lint/boll, lint index, seed weight, lock tenacity, and resistance to fusarium wilt/nematodes and bacterial blight. No trends were noted for uniformity index, micronaire, bur size, and resistance to verticillium wilt. In the second study, after four generations of backcrossing, significant differences were detected between the BC₄F₄ and the recurrent parent in only 18 of 90 comparisons, and 12 of those were concentrated in 2 of the 6 families investigated. Results indicated that the backcross method can be a highly successful tool in cotton breeding.

Beasley, J. P. and J. E. Jones. 1985. The current status in the development of resistance to the reniform nematode in cotton in Louisiana. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 23-25. Different techniques to determine resistance to reniform nematode were used to evaluate Gossypium strains previously identified as resistant and to evaluate various race stocks and breeding lines. Visual examination and subjective rating were not as effective in determining resistance as evaluating nematode egg production. La. 434-1031, Texas race stock 19 (TR19), and the day-neutral converted Texas race stocks 19, 22, and 44 were identified as producing significantly fewer reniform nematode eggs than the 'Deltapine 41' check.

Beasley, J. P., J. E. Jones, and S. J. Stringer. 1984. Evaluation of cotton genotypes for attractiveness to the boll weevil for use in a trap crop situation. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 368-369. Field tests were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to identify cotton genotypes that were more attractive to the boll weevil than common commercial varieties. More attractive genotypes could be used in a trap cropping system. Based on a combination of weevil damaged squares and fruiting rate, La. E76C-3, La. 1363 Lsne, TX CAMD 21-S-81, and CAMD E were significantly more attractive to boll weevils than the check variety, Stoneville 213.

Bergey, D. R., D. M. Stelly, H. J. Price, and T. D. McKnight. 1989. In situ hybridization of biotinylated DNA probes to cotton meiotic chromosomes. Stain Tech. V. 64, pp. 25-27. A modified procedure for in situ hybridization of biotinylated probes to meiotic chromosomes of cotton was developed with high retention of squashed cells on slides, preservation of acid-fixed chromosome morphology, exceptionally low levels of background precipitate at nonspecific hybridization sites and improved photomicrographic recording. Salient features of the techniques include pretreatment of slides before squashing, cold storage of squash preparations, and use of interference filters for distinguishing precipitate from chromatin. A cloned 18S/28S ribosomal DNA fragment from soybean was biotinylated via nick-translation and hybridization to microsporocyte meiotic chromosomes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. hirsutum L. x G. barbadense L.). Enzymatically formed precipitate from streptavidin-bound peroxidase marked the in situ hybridization. Three pairs of ISH sites were detected.

Bhat, M. G., R. J. Kohel, and D. W. Altman. 1990. A study on host plant resistance to bollworms (Heliothis spp.) in cotton using tissue isogenic lines. J. Cotton Res. Dev. 3: 140-146. Isolines of AET-5 with nectariless, glabrous and okra leaf traits were evaluated for Heliothis damage in unsprayed plots. The combination of all three traits gave the highest degree of protection and the normal parent the least. Green boll damage showed the greatest differential response.

Bowman, D. T. and C. C. Green. 1991. Screening cotton germplasm for Columbia lance and reniform nematode resistance. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf., pp. 551-552. One hundred seventeen genotypes were screened in the greenhouse for tolerance to Columbia lance nematodes. Of 29 genotypes determined to have tolerance in the greenhouse, 11 were field tested and 6 showed field tolerance to this nematode. Seven genotypes were grown in reniform-infested soil and differential results were obtained depending on initial infestation levels.

Bowman, D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1982. Inheritance studies of bract size in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1041-1045. Bracts in upland cotton have been implicated in byssinosis in textile mill workers. Inheritance studies of bract size were conducted prior to initiating a breeding program for reduced bract size. In the first study, heritability was calculated from regression of F₃ plot means on F₂ plant values. Highly significant regression and correlation coefficients of 0.69 and 0.75, respectively, were computed for heritability estimates. A second study included 7 parents, their 21 F₁, and 21 F₂ progeny. Narrow- sense heritability estimates indicated that bract size was primarily additive although dominance gene effects contributed significantly.

Bowman, D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1983. Associations between bracts and several agronomic traits in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 565-568. A low ratio of bract surface area/lint weight per boll would denote a low bract trash potential and may denote a low byssinosis potential. The ratio of bract surface area/lint weight per boll appeared to be positively associated (genotypically) with 50 percent span length, and negatively associated with fiber micronaire and lint percent. These associations would suggest that parents with high lint percent and parents with small bracts should be selected. The potential problem with fiber length and micronaire should be considered in breeding cottons for low bract trash potential.

Bowman, D. T. and J. E. Jones. 1984. A diallel study of bract surface area/lint weight per boll ratio in cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 1137-1141. Additive effects were found to be more important than dominance and epistasis effects in the seven-parent diallel study. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.20 to 0.92 and averaged 0.47, indicating about one-half of the genetic variance was additive in nature. Partial dominance was expressed at most loci exhibiting dominance, and these dominant alleles mostly affected smaller ratios. The high significance of genotype-year interactions and variability of heritability estimates suggest a need to test selected lines over years.

Bridge, R. R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1983. Comparative performance of obsolete and current cotton cultivars. Crop Sci. 23: 949-952. We evaluated 17 cultivars over a 2-year period to determine what genetic improvements the new cultivars had over older ones. The average rate of yield increase from 1910 through 1979 due to cultivar improvements was found to be 9.5 kg/ha/year. The average lint yields in Mississippi from 1910 through 1979 shows that yields have actually increased at the rate of 8.62 kg/ha/year.

Brinkerhoff, L. A., L. M. Verhalen, W. M. Johnson, M. Essenberg, and P. E. Richardson. 1984. Development of immunity to bacterial blight of cotton and its implications for other diseases. Plant Dis. 68: 168-173. Immunity to bacterial blight of cotton was developed by combining several single-gene resistance factors onto a polygenic resistance background. The initial breeding procedure involved backcrossing, with the recurrent parent possessing the polygenic resistance; screening the segregating progeny after each backcross with a compatible mixture of virulent races of the pathogen; and selfing the selected plants. Pedigree breeding with continued screening and selfing was employed in later generations. In experiments subsequently conducted in many cotton-growing areas of the world, this immunity remained stable for more than 20 years. The likelihood is advanced that similar breeding and screening procedures would prove useful for deriving long-term immunity in other disease/crop complexes.

Brown, M. S., S. A. Naqi, M. Y. Menzel, and D. M. Stelly. 1985. Knob-6, a cytological marker for chromosome 6 of Gossypium hirsutum L. J. of Hered. 76: 25-216. A cytological marker consisting of a knob of extra chromatin at the end of one arm of a large chromosome was discovered in homozygous condition in a strain of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Uganda. That the knobbed chromosome was large suggested that it belonged to the A genome. Tests with translocations involving A-genome chromosomes localized the knob to chromosome 6. The knob greatly reduced chiasma formation in the arm bearing it but not in the other arm or in other chromosomes. Knob-6 is a useful marker because it is easily maintained in homozygous condition by self-pollination and is readily discerned cytologically.

Bryson, C. T., McCarty, J. C., Jr., Jenkins, J. N., and Parrott, W. L. 1983. Frequency of pigment glands and capitate and covering trichomes in nascent leaves of selected cottons. Crop Sci. 23: 369-371. Frequency of pigment glands, and covering and capitate trichomes on the laminae of nascent terminal leaves of 29 cotton strains were evaluated. Frequency of glands and of each of the two types of trichomes seemed to be independent of one another.

Buranaviriyakul, Sunthorn. 1980. Evaluation of partial vs. complete diallel crosses in upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Griffing's complete diallel design was compared to the factorial partial diallel (FPD) design 4 with four crosses (FPD4) per line and the circulant partial diallel (CPD) design with sample sizes (= number of crosses per line) of three (CPD3) and five (CPD5). Points of comparison included detection of GCA and SCA, estimates of narrow- and broad-sense heritabilities and of average degree of dominance, selection of lines based on relative GCA effects, and relative magnitudes of the average standard errors of the difference of GCA effects. The Jinks- Hayman method of analyzing a complete diallel was compared to Griffing's analysis on the basis of detection of additive and dominance variation and on the relative size of their estimates of heritability and degree of dominance. Computer simulations were used to study the distribution of estimates of heritability and average degree of dominance and the relationships of those estimates between the complete vs. partial diallels. Because of space limitations, results are not reported here.

Burandt, C. L. Jr. and P. A. Fryxell. 1990. A reappraisal of Abutilon reflexum (Malvaceae) and its allies. Syst. Bot. 15: 49-56. A critical analysis of a group of four red-flowered species of Abutilon from western South America.

Burke, H. R., W. E. Clark, J. R. Cate, and P. A. Fryxell. 1986. Origin and dispersal of the boll weevil. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 32: 228-238. Knowledge of the origin and dispersal of the boll weevil is summarized, including its alternate host plants, its probable tropical origin, and its historical spread as a cotton pest.

Butler, G. D., Jr., T. J. Henneberry, and F. D. Wilson. 1986. Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) on cotton: adult activity and cultivar oviposition preference. J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 350-354. In a greenhouse study, among six normal-leaf, okra-leaf paired isolines, one okra-leaf isoline had fewer adult whiteflies, two had more, and the other three did not differ significantly from the respective normal-leaf counterparts. Stoneville 825 Smoothleaf harbored fewer adults than did the semi-smoothleaf or hirsute isolines. When half of a normally hirsute Stoneville 825 leaf was shaved with an electric shaver, it supported fewer whitefly adults and eggs than did the unshaved half.

Butler, G. D., Jr. and F. D. Wilson. 1984. Activity of adult whiteflies (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) within plantings of different cotton strains and cultivars as determined by sticky-trap catches. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 1137-1140. Among eight lines in AET-5 background, carrying all combinations of nectariless, smoothleaf, and okra leaf and their normal counterparts, only the smoothleaf combinations averaged fewer sweetpotato and bandedwinged whiteflies. However, AET-5 smoothleaf and various lines in DES 24 and DES 56 backgrounds carrying nectariless, okra leaf, or semi- smoothleaf did not have fewer whiteflies than the control cultivar, Deltapine 61.

Butler, G. D., Jr., F. D. Wilson, and G. Fishler. 1991. Cotton leaf trichomes and populations of Empoasca lybica (Homoptera:Cicadellidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae). Plant Prot. 10: 461-464. Leafhopper (Empoasca lybica) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) populations were observed on 31 cotton entries planted at Bet She'an, Israel. Leafhopper populations decreased while whitefly populations increased as the number of leaf trichomes increased. Various management strategies to deal with this dilemma are discussed.

Butler, G. D., Jr., F. D. Wilson, and T. J. Henneberry. 1985. Cotton leaf crumple virus disease in Okra-leaf and normal-leaf cottons. J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 1500-1502. Cotton crumple leaf virus is transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly. Five normal-leaf cultivars and their okra-leaf isolines were infected as seedlings. Infected plants were 25 percent shorter, produced 47 percent fewer bolls, and 50 percent lower seedcotton yields than the control plants. Disease symptoms were expressed less in two okra-leaf isolines, but yields were not higher than in the respective normal-leaf cultivars.

Calhoun, D. Steve. 1993. Near-term contribution of plant resistance to cotton pest management in S. A. Harrison (ed.). Proc. La. Assn. Agron., Alexandria, LA, 10-12 Mar. 1992. LA State Univ. [in press]. The effects of various morphological and physiological traits (including reduced pubescence, nectariless, frego bract, high flower bud gossypol gland density, and early maturity) on insect damage are reviewed, and current or experimental varieties expressing those traits are listed. Data from field tests of Bt cottons in Louisiana are presented. Resistance to root-knot nematode in experimental strains and 'Stoneville LA887' is also discussed.

Calhoun, D. S., J. E. Jones. E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, B. R. Leonard, S. H. Moore, and W. Aguillard. 1992. Breeding insect resistant cottons for Louisiana. Louisiana Agric. 35: 20-22. Long-term performance of four experimental insect resistant strains is presented. Strains included LA850082 (frego bract, nectariless), LA850075 [frego bract, high flower bud gossypol gland density (HG)], LA870210 (HG), and LA870222 (HG). With the exception of LA850075 compared to 'DES 119,' these strains yielded from 6 to 16 percent more lint than 'Deltapine 41' (DP41) and DES 119, averaged over from 12 to 34 tests. The frego bract strains suffered less than half as much bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage, and less than one-third as much boll weevil damage as DP41. LA870210 and LA870222 suffered 33 and 25 percent less BW/TBW damage than did DP41.

Cathey, G. W. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1988. Cotton response to planting date and mepiquat chloride. Agron. J. 80: 463-466. The response of five cultivars at three planting dates to mepiquat chloride (MC) was measured in 1982, 1983, and 1984 at Stoneville, MS. For yield and fiber properties, no major interaction for cultivar x planting date or cultivar x MC interaction was detected. However, an MC x planting date interaction was evident. MC caused a 4.5 percent reduction in lint yield from the mid-April plantings, and 5.4 and 12.7 percent yield increase for the early-May and late-May plantings, respectively. These studies indicated that MC application would be most beneficial in late-planted cotton, which tends to produce more vegetative growth than earlier plantings.

Chan, B. G., A. C. Waiss, Jr., V. Sevacharian, F. D. Wilson, and B. W. George. 1982. Allelochemical inhibition of larval growth of pink bollworm. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 133-135. Antibiotic activity on the larval growth of pink bollworm was found in non-polar and polar extracts of carpel walls from 14-day-old bolls of Gossypium arboreum var. sanguineum. This activity was attributed to the presence of terpene aldehydes in the boll glands.

Chan, B. G. and F. D. Wilson. 1988. A new coumarin in cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 106-107. A new coumarin, scoparone [6,7-dimethoxycoumarin], was found in ammonia-stressed Pima cotton stems along with scopoletin which had been discovered previously. Neither compound showed biological activity against pink bollworm or cotton bollworm.

Chan, B. G., F. D. Wilson, N. Mahoney, and M. J. Lukefahr. 1988. A holistic approach to study HPR in cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 100-105. The Heliothis complex overcomes cotton allelochemical defense because: (1) neonate larvae feed on floral primordial tissue, containing little secondary plant products; (2) larvae become more tolerant as they grow older; (3) larvae have the ability to recover rapidly from the ill effects of allelochemicals. Allelochemicals, in order to be more effective, must be turned on earlier so as to be available at feeding sites of the younger, more susceptible larvae.

Cherry, J. P., R. J. Kohel, L. A. Jones, and W. H. Powell. 1986. Food and feeding quality of cottonseed. Cotton Physiol. No. 1. Sec. V., Special Topics, Ch. 37, pp. 557-595. A comprehensive review of research on the use and potential use of cottonseed in food and feed applications.

Cornish, K., J. W. Radin, E. L. Turcotte, Z. Lu, and E. Zeiger. 1991. Enhanced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) bred for increased yield. Plant Physiol. 97: 484-489. Gas exchange properties of six Pima cotton lines that differ in yield response to heat stress indicated that selection for high yield has been accompanied by increased photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance, and altered diurnal regulations of photosynthesis.

Culp, T. W. 1981. Lint yield and fiber quality improvements in PD lines of upland cotton. South Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1081. Eight experimental lines of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with unusual combinations of lint yield, fiber, and spinning properties were developed. Most lines produced lint yield equal to or superior to the commercial check cultivars, Coker 201, Coker 310, and SC-1. Several of the high-yielding lines were superior to SC-1 and PD 2165 in fiber and yarn strength and resistance to the fusarium wilt-rootknot nematode complex. PD 4548 has an unusually high lint percentage, uniformity ratio, and wide adaptation for a high-strength cotton.

Culp, T. W. 1981. Registration of Pee Dee 4548 germplasm line of cotton. Crop Sci. 21: 992. Pee Dee 4548, an improved germplasm line of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was released by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station in 1981. Pee Dee 4548 possesses high yield potential, high fiber and yarn strength, unusually high lint percentage, and wide adaptation.

Culp, T. W. 1982. The present state of the art and science of cotton breeding for fiber quality. p. 99-111. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Las Vegas, NV. 3-7 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. The history, importance, inheritance, and breeding methods to improve fiber quality were summarized. Breeding for both improved lint yield and fiber quality in the Pee Dee cotton breeding program is summarized. The importance of linkage versus pleitropy in the negative genetic correlation between lint yield and fiber strength is discussed.

Culp, T. W. 1985. Lectures presented to Chinese researchers at the Cotton Research Institute, Anyang (Henan Province), Peoples Republic of China in September 1984. Publ. by USDA NTIS (National Technical Information System). Results of an academic exchange on germplasm development between U.S. and Chinese researchers are summarized. Topics include cotton production history in the U.S., breeding cotton for yield, fiber quality, and insect resistance, hybrid cotton, influence of yield components on lint yield of high fiber strength cotton, maintenance of varieties, and the effect of planting date and cultivar on late-season insects and yield of cotton.

Culp, T. W. and C. C. Green. 1988. Some considerations in the development of cottons with extra-fiber strength. p. 131-133. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., New Orleans, LA. 3-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. A simple breeding method of pedigree selection for high yield and fiber strength in populations derived from crossing PD germplasm with commercial cultivars produced 11 superior genotypes. Comparison of progeny from crosses between current and obsolete PD parents suggest that genetic linkages between lint yield and fiber strength have been broken. Crosses of Chinese and PD cottons failed to produce selections equivalent to the cultivars PD-1 or PD-3 in fiber quality. Breeding procedures other than single crosses followed by pedigree selection will be necessary to simultaneously improve lint yield and fiber quality in populations derived from PD germplasm and highly diverse upland cottons.

Culp, T. W. and R. F. Moore. 1987. Performance of Chinese and U.S. cottons. p. 115-117. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Dallas, TX. 4-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Three U.S. cultivars, Coker 315, DeltaPine 50, and PD-3, along with three Chinese cultivars, Jimian 8, Ering 92, and 86-1 were compared for yield and fiber quality at Florence, SC. The Chinese cultivars produced similar yields to the U.S. cultivars, but fiber length and fiber strength of Chinese cultivars was inferior to U.S. cultivars.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, L. H. Harvey, and J. B. Pitner. 1988. Registration of 'PD-3' cotton. Crop Sci. 28:190. The cultivar PD-3 developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Experiment Station was released in 1987 as a replacement for 'PD-1.' PD-3 has wider adaptation, higher lint yield potential, stronger fiber, higher yarn tenacity, and fewer neps.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1984. Simultaneous improvement of lint yield and fiber strength in cotton. South Carolina Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1090. Seven germplasm lines of upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotton with unusual combinations of lint yield, fiber, and spinning properties were developed. The seven germplasm lines produced lint yields equal to the check cultivars Coker 201, Coker 310, and SC-1. Two PD lines had higher fiber strength than SC-1 and PD 2165, and all seven had higher yarn strength. These findings indicate that a new level in fiber quality has been reached in the PD material.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1985. Registration of 'PD-1' cotton. Crop Sci. 25:198. 'PD-1' cotton, developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 1984 as a replacement for 'SC-1.' SC-1 was the first cultivar in South Carolina with extra-fiber strength genes of triple hybrid origin that yielded similar to commercial cultivars. Compared with SC-1, PD-1 has higher lint yield, stronger fiber, and better resistance to the fusarium wilt-rootknot nematode complex.

Culp, T. W., R. F. Moore, and J. B. Pitner. 1985. Registration of seven germplasm lines of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 201-202. Seven germplasm lines of upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cotton developed by USDA-ARS and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station were released. The germplasm lines combine high-yield potential, extra fiber strength, wide adaptation, and unusual combinations of fiber properties.

Dani, R. G. and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Effects of time on boll set on seed-oil content in cotton. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 57: 391-394. The effect of boll set on seed-oil content was determined by weekly measures over a 6-week period. Performance was most consistent in the first 3 to 4 weeks of bolling. Significant differences and interactions were found with the weekly measurements.

Dani, R. G. and R. J. Kohel. 1989. Maternal effects and generation mean analysis of seed-oil content in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 77: 569-575. Four lines in P₁ , P₂, F₀, F₁, F₂, BC₁ and BC₂ generations with reciprocal cross combinations were analyzed. Significant maternal, non-cytoplasmic effects were found. Genetic components and their interactions were measured.

Dobson, S. L. S. 1983. Selection for drought resistance in cotton utilizing stomatal resistance measurements. M. S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. A two-way selection study for stomatal resistance was conducted within 16 F₂ populations of cotton to determine what proportion of the selected differences were transmitted to the F₃ and to study indirect effects on agronomic and fiber quality characteristics. Direct selection was generally ineffective. Only one population displayed a significant and positive response. Indirect selection response in that population revealed a reduction in lint percentage and an increase in fiber strength (at the 0.20 prob. level). Based on these results, this method of screening for drought resistance is probably not of value to cotton breeders.

Eissa, A. M., J. N. Jenkins, and C. E. Vaughan. 1983. Inheritance of seedling root length and relative root weight in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 1107-1111. Using the standard cotton cool temperature (18 °C) germination test, 124 day-neutral composite F₃ strains were evaluated for root length and relative root weight. Genetic analysis of five strains indicated that selection should be delayed to the F₃ to allow recombination of epistatic genes to occur. Recurrent selection is suggested as a breeding method that should be applicable to developing plants with long roots with a high relative root weight.

Endrizzi, J. E. and R. Nelson. 1989. Linkage analysis and arm location of the open bud (ob₁) and yellow petal (Y₂) loci in chromosome 18 of cotton. Genome. 32: 1041-1043. It was shown that the open bud and yellow petal genes are located, respectively, on the short and long arms of chromosome 18. The ob₁ gene is 3.4 and the Y₂ gene is 8 map units from the centromere; thus the two loci are at least 11 map units apart.

Endrizzi, J. E. and G. Ramsay. 1980. Identification of 10 chromosome deficiencies of cotton. J. Hered. 71: 45-48. Monosomes for chromosomes 9, 10, 12, 20, and 25 and telosomes for chromosomes 5, 14, 20, and 26 have been identified. Twenty-six marker genes were tested in different combinations with the chromosome deficiencies and the results showed the following associations; chromosome 3 and fg (linkage group VI), chromosome 5 and P₁ (XI), chromosome 12 and N₁gl ₁bw₁ne ₁ (V), chromosome 18 Y₁ob (XVI), and chromosome 26 and n₂gl ₃ne₂ (IX). Genetic results establish that chromosomes 12 and 26 are homeologs.

Endrizzi, J. E. and G. Ramsay. 1983. Inheritance of the H₁, H₂, and Sm₂ genes in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 449-452. Used aneuploids to show that the H₁ and Sm₂ genes also are located 4 map units from the centromere in the long arm of chromosome 6. F₂ populations of the three crosses of H₁ x H₂, H₁ x Sm₂ , and Sm₂ x H₂ and found that the three genes segregated as alleles.

Endrizzi, J. E. and D. T. Ray. 1991. Linkage analysis of open bud (ob₂) and yellow petal (Y₁) loci in chromosome 18 of cotton. Genome. 34: 461-463. In this study ob₂ and Y₁ were found to have a mean recombination percentage of 3.14 for backcross and 3.40 for self-pollinated families from 2n parental heterzygotes and 10.73 in families from mono-18 parental heterzygotes.

Endrizzi, J. E. and D. T. Ray. 1992. Mapping of the cl₁ R₁, yg₁, and Dw loci in the long arm of chromosome 16 of cotton. J. Hered. 83: 1-5. The four loci are in the long arm of chromosome 16 and, including the centromere, the map order and map distances between loci were determined to be: centromere 30.0 ± 6.3 cl₁ 18.6 ± 1.3 R₁ 19.8 ± 1.4 yg₁ 33.8 ± 1.6 Dw.

Endrizzi, J. E., D. T. Ray, and A. C. Gathman. 1983. Centromere orientation of quadrivalents of heterozygous translocations and an autoploid of Gossypium hirsutum L. Genetics 105: 723-731. Cytological observations of quadrivalents of heterzygous translocations demonstrate that, in addition to alternate-1 and alternate-2 orientations, a third alternate orientation (alternate-3), which occurs as a three-dimensional, V-type configuration, can be identified.

Endrizzi, J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1984. Cytology, Genetics, and Evolution of Gossypium. Cotton. Amer. Soc. Agron. Ch. 4, pp. 81-129. A review of cotton qualitative genetics and cytogenetics of cotton.

Endrizzi, J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1984. Qualitative genetics, cytology, and cytogenetics. Cotton Amer. Soc. Agron. 24: 81-129. A review of qualitative genetics, cytology, and cytogenetics of cotton is presented.

Endrizzi, J. E., E. L. Turcotte, and R. J. Kohel. 1985. Genetics, cytology and evolution of Gossypium. Advances in Genetics. 23: 271-375. A comprehensive review of the published information on the cytology, genetics, and evolution of Gossypium is presented.

Feaster, C. V. and E. L. Turcotte. 1983. Notice to growers relative to release of a commercial variety of American Pima cotton, 'Pima S-6.' USDA, and Ariz., New Mex., and Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Memo. 3p. and Registration of Pima S-6 cotton. (Reg. No. 81). Crop Sci. 24: 382. 1984. Pima S-6 was released as a replacement for 'Pima S-5' in a major portion of the Pima cotton belt. The advantages of Pima S-6 are earlier maturity and higher yield.

Flint, H. M., N. J. Curtice, and F. D. Wilson. 1986. A comparison of related nectaried and nectariless cottons for control of the pink bollworm in field plots treated with gossyplure, insecticide, or untreated. J. Agric. Entomol. 3: 362-368. The nectariless Deltapine NSL had significantly fewer pink bollworm per boll and yielded 23 percent more lint than the control cultivar, Deltapine 61, in untreated plots. Pink bollworm infestation was lowest in insecticide-treated plots, intermediate in untreated plots, and highest in gossyplure-treated plots. Lint yield was highest in insecticide-treated plots, but not significantly different in untreated and gossyplure-treated plots.

Flint, H. M., N. J. Curtice, and F. D. Wilson. 1988. Development of pink bollworm populations (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on nectaried and nectariless Deltapine cottons in field cages. Environ. Entomol. 17: 306-308. Seasonal increases in populations of pink bollworm, from moths released in separate cages of nectaried 'Deltapine 61' and nectariless 'Deltapine NSL,' were 21-fold for the nectaried cultivar and 15-fold for the nectariless one, a highly significant reduction for the latter.

Flint, H. M., N. J. Parks, D. L. Hendrix, F. D. Wilson, and J. W. Radin. Whitefly population growth in cotton. A 3-year study in Maricopa, Arizona. USDA-ARS-93. Sweetpotato whitefly is a late-season pest of cotton at Maricopa. Reproduction on cotton is associated with water-stressed plants following irrigation termination. The initial source of the late season adult whiteflies, which are assumed to be immigrants, is unknown. A control measure would be to chemically defoliate the plants as soon as possible after irrigation is terminated.

Flint, H. M., F. D. Wilson, and N. J. Parks. 1989. Causes of square shed in cotton in central Arizona. Southw. Entomol. 14: 271-278. Square shed in WC-12NL, a nectariless, okra-leaf germplasm line, was compared with that in the nectaried, normal-leaf cultivar, Deltapine 61. Causes of square shed were (1) physiological stress; (2) thrips; (3) lygus bugs; (4) bollworms. WC-12NL set 23 percent more squares than Deltapine 61 in early season. Over the season, WC-12NL shed more squares caused by physiological stress, and shed fewer due to thrips damage than did Deltapine 61. Abnormal (4-bract) squares on Deltapine 61, but not on WC- 12NL, had greater feeding damage caused by thrips than did normal (3-bract) squares.

Flint, H. M., F. D. Wilson, N. J. Parks, R. Y. Reynoso, B. R. Stapp, and J. L. Szaro. 1992. Suppression of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and effect on beneficial insects of nectariless okra-leaf germplasm line. Bull. Entomol. Res. 82: 379-384. At two locations over three seasons, boll infestations of pink bollworm were significantly lower on the nectariless, okra-leaf germplasm line WC-12NL than on the nectaried, normal-leaf Deltapine 61. The numbers of Lygus spp. and three beneficial insects were not different on the two cottons. Collops beetle numbers were higher on WC-12NL, while lady beetle numbers were higher on Deltapine 61.

Foster, J. David, Jr. 1987. Prometryn tolerance of glanded vs. glandless isolines in selected cotton cultivars. M. S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to compare the prometryn tolerance of glanded vs. glandless 'Empire 61 (WR)' and 'Westburn M' isolines. Two intermediately glanded Empire isolines (Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ and gl₂gl₂Gl₃Gl₃) were also available. Ratios derived from leaf fluorescence measurement curves established that photosynthetic inhibition caused by prometryn in glanded plants was of less intensity and shorter duration than in glandless plants. Comparisons involving the intermediately glanded Empire isolines suggested that Gl₂ enhances tolerance more than does Gl₃. Glanded vs. glandless isolines on five genetic backgrounds (i.e., Empire 61 (WR), Westburn M, 'Delcot 277,' 'TH 149,' and 'Stoneville 213') plus the two intermediate Empire isolines were also evaluated for prometryn tolerance in the field. Visual injury ratings and measured lint yields support the growth chamber data. The treated glanded isoline on each background displayed less injury (20 to 56 percent) and higher yield (44 to 60 percent) than the corresponding glandless isoline. Again, Gl₂ showed less injury than Gl₃, though differences in lint yield were not significant. Clearly, lysigenous glands enhance prometryn tolerance in cotton, and higher gland density is directly associated with increased tolerance.

Foy, C. D., J. E. Jones, and H. W. Webb. 1980. Adaptation of cotton genotypes to and acid, aluminum toxic soil. Agron. J. 72: 833-839. Fifty-four cotton genotypes were screened for Al tolerance in greenhouse pots of an acid, Al-toxic Tatum subsoil (clayey, mixed, thermic, typic Hapludult) with pH adjusted to approximately 4.8 or 5.3 with CaCO. Tolerance was measured as relative growth in lower vs. higher pH. Genotypes showing greatest tolerance to acid subsoil included 'Pima S-2,' 'Acala 4-42,' La DASS 5194, La DASS 5187, 'Stoneville 213,' 'Delcot 277,' 'McNair 612,' and 'Dixie King 3.' More sensitive genotypes included 'Auburn 56,' 'Coker 201,' 'Deltapine 16' and several experimental lines.

Foy, C. D., H. W. Webb, and J. E. Jones. 1981. Adaptation of cotton genotypes to an acid, Manganese toxic soil. Agron. J. 73: 107-111. Sixty-five cotton genotypes were screened in greenhouse pots of an acid (pH 5.1), Mn-toxic Grenada (fine silty, mixed, thermic, typic, Fragiudalffs) silt loam. Nine of these genotypes, plus two from Brazil, were compared on the same soil at pH 5.1 vs. pH 6.9. Genotypes showing the greatest resistance included C-310,73-307; LaDSIS 12513; and LaDASB 12609. Manganese sensitive genotypes included C-Sgl,70-517; C-417-2912; and Coker 201.

Fryxell, P. A. 1980. A new species of Hampea (Malvaceae) from El Salvador. Syst. Bot. 5: 442-444. Hampea reynae is described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1981. Revision and expansion of the neotropical genus Wercklea (Malvaceae). J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 457-486. The 12 species of Wercklea are described, illustrated and discussed in detail. They occur in Central America, the West Indies, and northwestern South America, i.e. around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea.

Fryxell, P. A. 1982. Billieturnera (Malvaceae), a new genus from Texas and Mexico. Sida 9: 195-200. A distinctive new genus is recognized with one species occurring in saline habitats in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico.

Fryxell, P. A. 1983. Very peronal generic names (nomina perpropria): A contribution to whimsical botany. Sida 10: 95-102. A survey and analysis is made of generic names of angiosperms honoring individuals based on their full names (given name and surname) which is found to be a long-standing and continuing practice.

Fryxell. P. A. 1984. Evolucion de las especies cultivadas de algodon. Ceiba 25: 156-163. Evolution in Gossypium is discussed in broad outline, with particular attention to the origin of the cultivated species.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Four new species of Malvaceae from Mexico. Syst. Bot. 9: 415-422. Pavonia discolor, Periptera ctenotricha, Robinsonellachiangii, and Dirhamphis mexicanaare described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. La evoluciùn de las especies cultivadas de algodùn. Ceiba 25: 156-163. A semi-popular account, in Spanish, of evolution in Gossypium, with special reference to the cultivated species, taken from a talk given to a workshop in Central America.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Rojasimalva (Malvacea), un nuevo genero de Venezuela. Ernstia 28: 11-14. A new genus is recognized with one species occurring in Venezuela.

Fryxell, P. A. 1984. Taxonomy and germplasm resources.A Cotton Monograph, Amer. Soc. Agron. Monograph Ser. # 24. Chapter 2, pp. 27-57. The taxonomy of Gossypium is summarized, including botanical descriptions of all of the known species, and a discussion of the range of variation available in the genus. Against this background, the history and development of cotton germplasm collections is discussed, followed by a consideration of examples of the successful utilization of these resources.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Additional novelties in Mexican Malvaceae. Syst. Bot. 10: 268-272. Horsfordia exalata, Robinsonella glabrifolia,and Abutilon procerum are described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Four new species of Malvaceae from Venezuela. Syst. Bot. 10: 273-281. Abutilothamnus yaracuyensis, Batesimalva killipii, Dendrosida wingfieldii, and Peltaea krapovickasiorum are described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Sidus sidarum V. The North and Central American species of Sida. Sida 11: 62-91. The 42 species of Sida that occur in North and Central America (incl. the West Indies) are treated and sorted into 11 sections of the genus. The sectional divisions are applicable on a world-wide basis.

Fryxell, P. A. 1985. Up with diversity. BioScience 36: 735-737. Presidential address to the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, discussing problems and trends in the education of the next generation of systematic botanists.

Fryxell, P. A. 1986. "The Cotton Gazetteer" by Arlen W. Frank. Econ. Bot. 40: 251-252. Book review of an interesting summarization of cotton statistics world-wide.

Fryxell, P. A. 1986. Ecological adaptations in Gossypium species. in Mauney, J. R. and J. M. Stewart (eds.), Cotton Physiology, The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, TN. Ch. 1, pp. 1-7. The wild species of cotton are adapted to a wide array of ecological habitats. The adaptations to these ecological factors that have evolved in the various species are described, to indicate the range of germplasm available in the genus Gossypium and to indicate the physiological background against which studies of the physiology of the cultivated species can be understood.

Fryxell, P. A. 1988. "Charles Wright on the boundary, 1849-1852, or Plantae Wrightianae revisited" by Elizabeth A. Shaw. Econ. Bot. 42: 53. Book review of a detailed analysis of the life and work of an important plant collector, at least with that portion of his career when he worked on the U.S. - Mexican border.

Fryxell, P. A. 1988. The genus Pavonia in Australia. Nuytsia 6: 305-308. A review of what is known of the three species of Pavonia that have been recorded from Australia.

Fryxell, P. A. 1988. Malvaceae of Mexico. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 1-522. A book-length illustrated monograph on the 55 genera and over 370 species of Malvaceae that occur in Mexico. A treatment of the 14 species of Gossypium that occur in the country is included, as well as treatments of other genera of the cotton tribe: Hampea (11 Mexican species), Cienfuegosia (3 Mexican species), and Thespesia (1 Mexican species).

Fryxell, P. A. 1990. Malvaceae. Flora of Chipas, Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, CA. pp 1- 86. A treatment of the 35 genera and 129 species of Malvaceae that occur in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Selected species are illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1990. New species of Malvaceae from South America. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 163-172. Briquetia brasiliensis, Nototriche ecuadoriensis, Pavonia falconensis, Pavonia insperabilis,and Urocarpidium stipulatum are described and mostly illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. 1992. A revised taxonomic interpretation of Gossypium. Rheedea 2: 108-165. An updated account of current understanding of the taxonomy of Gossypium, taking into account several recently described species and newly acquired data relevant to classification in the genus. The classification into subgenera, sections and subsections is revised, and one new section and one new species are described, bringing the total number of species to 50.

Fryxell, P. A., L. A. Craven, and J. M. Stewart. 1992. A revision of Gossypium sect. Grandicalyx, including the description of six new species. Syst. Bot. 17: 91-114. The 11 species of this group are from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia. Their history and ecological context are fully discussed; the species are described and their distributions mapped; chromosome counts (all 2n=26) are reported for seven of the species; and six new species are described and illustrated: G. enthyle, G. exiguum, G. londonderriense, G. marchantii, G. nobile, and G.rotundifolium.

Fryxell, P. A. and S. D. Koch. 1987. New or noteworthy species from the Sierra del Sur of Guerrero and Michoacçn, Mexico. Aliso 11: 539-561. A description of several new species from Mexico, including Gossypium schwendimanii, together with commentary on these and other noteworthy collections and illustrations of the new species.

Fryxell, P. A. and S. D. Koch. 1991. Pavonia ecostata (Malvaceae), a new species from Jalisco, Mexico. The new species is described and illustrated.

Fryxell, P. A. and A. Krapovickas. 1986. Proposal to conserve Peltaea against Peltostegia. Taxon 35: 389-390. A proposal [subsequently approved] to stabilize a nomenclatural matter in the Malvaceae.

Fryxell, P. A. and A. Krapovickas. 1990. The Malvaceae published by Turczaninow. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 173-182. An analysis of the 58 names published Malvaceae by N. S. Turczaninow (1796-1864), including two new generic names, based on an examination of the specimens studied by him that are kept at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kiev.

Fryxell, P. A. and J. Valdes. Observations on Fryxellia pygmaea (Malvaceae). Sida 14: 399-404. The rediscovery of this rare plant in central Coahiula is noted, and observations are presented on its ecology, chromosome number (2n=16), and probable taxonomic affinities.

Fryxell, P. A., J. Valdes, and J. A. Vallarreal. 1991. A new species of Sphaeralcea (Malvaceae) from Coahiula, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 36: 358-360. Sphaeralcea reflexa is described and illustrated and its chromosome number (2n=20) reported.

Fryxell, P. A. and F. D. Wilson. 1986. Clarification of the status of Hibiscus (sect. Furcaria) uncinellus DC. (Malvaceae). Brittonia 38: 107-110. H. uncinellus, a vigorous, red-flowered vine of Mexico, has been confused with H. bifurcatus Cav., a pink-flowered shrub of Central and South America.

George, B. W. and F. D. Wilson. 1983. Pink bollworm: Effects of natural infestation on upland and Pima cottons untreated and treated with insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 76: 1152-1155. The economic level of seed damage caused to cotton by pink bollworm was 3 to 10 percent in the susceptible upland cultivar, Deltapine 61; 5 to 17 percent in the susceptible Pima cultivar, Pima S- 5; and above 17 percent in the resistant upland breeding stock, AET-5. Over 3 seasons, lint yields in unsprayed plots were 84 percent (Deltapine 61), 73 percent (Pima S-5), and 101 percent (AET-5) of yields in insecticide-treated plots.

George, B. W., F. D. Wilson, and R. L. Wilson. 1983. Methods of evaluating cotton for resistance to pink bollworm, cotton leafperforator, and lygus bugs. So. Coop. Ser. Bull. 280. pp. 41-45. A review of the host-plant resistance methods used at the Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona.

Girma, Bedada. 1981. Breeding behavior of tufted seed in crosses involving two tufted lines and three commercial cotton cultivars. M. S. Thesis. University of Arkansas. Seed tip-fuzz inheritance was examined in upland cotton. The tuft character derived from Yugloslav 72 appeared controlled by a single recessive gene. The gene was not allelic to the naked character derived from D-15 x Stripper 31. A tufted trait also derived from D-15 x Stripper 31 differed from the Yugloslaw trait. Whereas the D-15 x Stripper 31 mutants accompanied low lint perccent, the Yugoslav 72 trait did not.

Green, C. C. and T. W. Culp. 1988. Utilization of fiber strength measurements in the development of high fiber strength cottons. p. 613-614. in J. M. Brown (Ed.) Proc. Belt. Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., New Orleans, LA. 3-8 Jan. Natl. Cotton Counc. Am., Memphis, TN. Stelometer and HVI fiber strength measurements were evaluated as selection criteria to improve yarn strength in three cotton populations. Neither fiber strength measurement was more consistently correlated with yarn strength over the three populations. Stelometer and HVI fiber strength were only moderately correlated, suggesting that the two strength measurements may not be measuring the same genetic properties.

Greenhagen, Bruce E. 1988. Magnitude and consistency of heterosis in crosses among Plains- type cotton cultivars. M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University. The magnitude and consistency of midparent (MP) and high parent (HP) heterosis over three irrigated locations and/or 3 years were studied for cotton in Oklahoma. Parents, F₁s, and F₂s were evaluated for all possible crosses, ignoring reciprocals, among five Plains-type cultivars [(1) 'Lockett 77,' (2) 'Tamcot SP21,' (3) 'Paymaster 303,' (4) 'Tamcot SP37,' and (5) 'Westburn M']. Six parental combinations (1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 5, 2 x 4, 3 x 5, and 4 x 5) displayed significant F₁ MP heterosis for lint yield ranging from 11.5 to 34.0 percent. That heterosis was consistent over locations and years. The four other combinations sporadically displayed significant F₁MP heterosis over environments. Five parental combinations (1 x 3, 1 x 4, 1 x 5, 3 x 4, and 3 x 5) exhibited significant F₁HP heterosis for lint yield ranging from 12.6 to 26.6 percent. That heterosis was consistent over locations and years, and those five combinations have economic potential. One of the remaining combinations (2 x 3) did not exhibit significant F₁HP heterosis. The four other combinations sporadically exhibited significant F₁HP heterosis over environments, and their potential is questionable.

Gwyn, J. J. and D. M. Stelly. 1989. Method to evalute pollen viability of upland cotton: Tests with chromosome translocations. Crop Sci. 29: 1165-1169. A modified fluorochrome reaction (FCR) method, using fluorescein diacetate, was evaluated for application as a pollen from normal and reciprocal chromosome translocation cytotypes grown in greenhouse and field environments. Analyzed materials included 44 different true-breeding translocation homozygotes, respective F₁ heterozygotes, and three differenct cytogenetically analyzed BC₁F₁ families. Results were concordant with cytogenetic expectations and meiotic analyses, indicating that the pollen technique works well.

Ha, Sam B. 1986. Effects of selected morphological traits in cotton on natural insect infestations, lint yield, lint percent, and fiber quality. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Five morphological traits (i.e., okra leaf, nectariless, frego bract, smooth leaf, and glandless) vs. the normal check were compared in each of eight genetic backgrounds under irrigation and without insecticides at two locations for 3 years. The smooth-leaf trait reduced cotton fleahopper populations by 54 percent when averaged over years, locations, backgrounds, and sampling dates. Frego bract increased fleahopper numbers by 64 percent over the same variables. The okra-leaf, nectariless, and glandless traits occasionally influenced fleahopper infestations, but not consistently. Smooth leaf did suppress, to some extent, bollworm oviposition; but the other traits had little effect on that trait. The nectariless lines were comparable to the checks for lint yield and lint percent. The okra-leaf lines were also comparable to the checks for lint yield, but were frequently lower for lint percent. Large and consistently significant reductions in lint yield and lint percent of the frego-bract lines were exhibited. The smooth-leaf lines often displayed lower lint yield than the checks, possibly resulting from lower lint percent. The lint yield and lint percent of the glandless lines were reduced in some genetic backgrounds. Based on these results, frego-bract should not be incorporated into the Oklahoma cotton breeding program; smooth leaf and glandless appear unpromising and probably should not be used; and nectariless and okra-leaf should receive some attention.

Ha, S. B. and L. M. Verhalen. 1986. Inheritance of the multilock boll in upland cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 103. (Abstr.) Upland cotton normally has four- or five-lock bolls and occasionally bolls with three- or six- locks. A mutant type which consistently has 6- to 10-lock bolls (averaging between 7 and 8) was obtained from the Regional Cotton Germplasm Collection at Stoneville, MS (S.A. 0981 "Multiple Lock, West Tex"). Two multilock lines derived from S.A. 0981 were crossed with TM-1 and 'Westburn M,' respectively. The parental, F₁, F₂, and backcross populations were examined. Multilock boll appears to be governed by a single, largely recessive gene.

Hampton, R. E., D. M. Oosterhuis, J. McD. Stewart, and K. S. Kim. 1987. Antomical differences in cotton related to drought tolerance Ark. Farm. Res. 36(6):4. Various genotypes represented by Stoneville 506, DeRidder Red Leaf, Pilose, D₂ and a G. barbadense were measured for epidermal wall thickness, cuticle thickness, trichome density, capitate gland density and stomate density. Physiological measurements were leaf temperature, stomatal resistance and transpiration. Pilose has the lowest surface temperature. Stomatal number did not correlate with stomatal resistance or transpiration.

Hsieh, C., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., R. L. Shepherd, and W. L. Parrott. 1987. Breeding potential of cotton germplasm tolerant to tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fab.). Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 144. 7 pp. Genetic analysis of resistance to tobacco budworm in M-DH-118, M-DH-126, and M-DH-128 indicate that there should be no major complicating factors in using these three lines as parents to develop cultivars with resistance to tobacco budworm. Analysis suggest that delaying selection until F4 and selecting on a progeny row basis should be successful. Variance for resistance was primarily additive with smaller but significant dominance and epistatic effects present.

Hsu, C. L. and J. McD. Stewart. 1982. A rapid stain method for suspension cultured plant cells. J. Tiss. Cult. Meth. 7: 69-72. A procedure based on partial hydrolysis of cells with HCL followed by toluidine blue O staining is described for visualizing cell walls and chromosomes of cultured plant cells including cotton.

James, D. and J .E. Jones. 1985. Effect of leaf and bract isolines on spray penetration and insecticidal efficacy. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp. 395-396. Four isolines of cotton differing in leaf (okra vs. normal) and bract (frego vs. normal) types in all combinations were evaluated under four insecticide regimes to evaluate the effects of these morphological traits on insecticide efficacy and spray penetration. Spray penetration was measured when cotton was 4 feet tall by spraying the crop with non- active agricultural dye using a J.D. Hy-Cycle delivering 8 gal/a at 40 p.s.i. and evaluating paper cards that had been placed at three depths within the canopy. Okra leaf was found to significantly increase spray penetration both in terms of drops per square inch and percent area covered. Insecticide efficacy results were inconclusive

Jenkins, J. N., P. A. Hedin, W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and White, W. H. 1983. Cotton allelochemics and growth of tobacco budworm larvae. Crop Sci. 23: 1195-1198. Putative allelochemicals for resistance to tobacco budworm were fed in wheat germ diet and their relationship to larvae weight were determined. Chemicals were cyanidin, delphinidin, gossypol, condensed tannin, chrysanthemin, isoquercitrin and quercetin. Regression equations are presented to describe effects on larvae growth.

Jenkins, J. N., J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1990. Effectiveness of fruiting sites in cotton: yield. Crop Sci. 30: 365-369. Plant maps of bolls at harvest were developed for eight cultivars. From 66 to 75 percent of yield came from position one bolls, 18-21 percent from position two bolls, with 2-4 percent from all other position bolls. Monopodial branches produced from 3-9 percent of yield. The newer short-season cultivars produced more of their yield at nodes 5-8 than older cultivars.

Jenkins, J. N., J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1990. Fruiting efficiency in cotton: Boll size and boll set percentage. Crop Sci. 30: 857-860. Plant maps of bolls at harvest were developed for eight cultivars. Boll set varied by cultivar and node. Bolls at position 1 were 14 percent and 21 percent larger than bolls at positions 2 and 3, respectively.

Jenkins, J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., K. A. Barton, and P. F. Umbeck. 1991. Field test of transgenic cottons containing a Bacillus thuringiensis gene. Miss. Agric. and For. Expt. Stn. Technical Bulletin 174. 6 pp. Describes field test and regulatory protocol for evaluation of transgenic cotton containing a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which codes for the delta endotoxin. The cotton plants did not express the toxin as levels sufficient to offer field control of tobacco budworm.

Jenkins, J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and L. Dearing. 1986. Performance of cottons when infested with tobacco budworm. Crop Sci. 26: 93-95. Resistance to tobacco budworm defined as ability to set and mature bolls in the presence of high levels of tobacco budworm was measured in 13 cotton strains. Resistance was identified in ST 506 and confirmed in PEE DEE 875, PEE DEE 8619 and Tamcot CAMD-E. Regression analysis suggest that about 65 percent of the measured resistance is associated with early, rapid fruiting.

Jenkins, J. N., W. L. Parrott, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. H. White. 1982. Breeding cotton for resistance to the tobacco budworm: techniques to achieve uniform field infestations. Crop Sci. 22: 400-404. Techniques, equipment, and procedures for handling tobacco budworm pupae, adults, eggs, and first instar larvae are described, as well as procedures for uniformily infesting progeny rows of cotton with first instar larvae.

Jenkins, J. N., and F. D. Wilson. Host plant resistance. p. in E. G. King and J. R. Phillips (eds.) Cotton insects and mites: characterization and management. No. 3. Cotton Foundation Ref. Book Ser. A review of resistance of cotton to insects and mites.

John, M. E. and J. McD. Stewart. 1992. Genes for better jeans: biotechnological advances in cotton. Biotechnology 10: 165-170. A review of the current status of biotechnology applications in cotton. Emphasis is placed on the status of molecular manipulation of cotton fiber chracteristic.

Jones, J. E. 1982. The present state of the art and science of cotton breeding for leaf-morphological types. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 93-99. Literature review on the effects of leaf shape (including normal, okra, sub-okra, sea-island, and laciniate) on boll rot, earliness, yield, leaf area, within-canopy microclimate, reaction to insects, weed control, and special adaptation. (44 references).

Jones, J. E., J. P. Beasley, J. I. Dickson, and W. D. Caldwell. 1988. Registration of four cotton germplasm lines with resistance to reinform and root-knot nematodes. Crop Sci. 28: 199- 200. Lines included La. RN 4-4, La. RN 909, La. RN 910, and La. RN 1032. All were selections from LA 434-RKR. LA 434-RKR originated from a cross of Bayou 7769 x 'Deltapine 16.' Bayou 7769 is resistant to root-knot nematode (RKN) and was developed from a cross of 'Deltapine 15' x 'Clevewilt-6.' The germplasm lines were evaluated for nematode resistance in the greenhouse in RKN and reinform nematode (RN) infested soil, and in the field on natural RN-infested soil at Baton Rouge, LA.

Jones, J. E., E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, J. G. Marshall, J. I. Dickson, and D. F. Clower. 1987. Field performance of some new cotton strains with resistance to Heliothis spp. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp.94-96. Five new high glandulosity (HG) cotton strains were found to exhibit significant levels of resistance to natural field infestations of Heliothis spp., as measured by fruit damage, fruit infestation, and lint yield, when compared to the susceptible cultivar, Stoneville 213. La. HG 810063 and La. HG 820660, in particular, represent improvements in yield potential, earliness, and fiber quality while maintaining a moderately high level of resistance to Heliothis spp.

Jones, J. E., E. Burris, S. J. Stringer, and D. F. Clower. 1984. Further breeding studies with frego bract cottons. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 369-371. Several frego and frego-nectariless strains were evaluated under a moderate plant bug infestation which was left uncontrolled until 27 July, about 3 weeks after first bloom. La. 243-47-FN, La. 271-53-FN, and La. 271-58-FN were significantly more tolerant and/or resistant to plant bugs than La. 81-560-FN, the frego-nectariless check strain. These strains represent a significant step forward in developing useable frego bract cottons.

Jones, J. E., W. D. Caldwell, D. T. Bowman, J. W. Brand, A. Coco, T. G. Marshall, D. J. Boquet, R. Hutchinson, W. Aguillard, and D. F. Clower. 1981. Gumbo 500: An advancement in breeding open-canopy cottons. Louisiana Agric. 24: 8-13. 'Gumbo 500' was released in 1981 by the Louisiana State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. as a replacement for 'Gumbo.' Gumbo 500, like Gumbo, is characterized by the okra-leaf trait that gives it an open-type canopy. However, Gumbo 500 represents an improvement over Gumbo for yield, earliness, lint percentage, fiber quality, and resistance to Fusarium wilt.

Jones, J. E., D. F. Clower, E. Burris, J. G. Marshall, and S. J. Stringer. 1983. Progress in breeding frego-nectariless cottons for reduced plant bug sensitivity. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 81-83. Literature and unpublished studies relating the advantages of frego bract and it sensitivity to plant bug are reviewed. The nectariless trait was an aid in reducing plant bug sensitivity in frego bract, but did not completely solve the plant bug problem. Ar-Frego 3 and Ar-Frego 25 were found to flower at a high rate during July, a trait that either reflects reduced square shed due to plant bug damage, or is a mechanism of tolerating yield loss due to plant bug feeding.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, W. Aguillard, W. D. Caldwell, S. H. Moore, R. L. Hutchinson, and R. L. Rogers. 1991. Registration of 'LA 887' Cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1701. 'LA 887,' tested experimentally as LA 830887, was developed from a cross of LA 434-RKR x DES 11-9. LA 434-RKR is an experimental strain with superior fiber quality and resistance to root-knot nematode (RKN). DES 11-9 is an experimental strain obtained from R. R. Bridge, Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS. A selection (DES 11913) from DES 11-9 was subsequently released as 'DES 119.' LA 887 is characterized by premium fiber quality, resistance to RKN/fusarium wilt complex, and high-yield potential.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, and J. P. Beasley. 1987. Preference and nonpreference of boll weevils to selected cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 98-102. Certain genotypes were shown to be several times more attractive to boll weevils than the commercial cultivars, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41. Their greater attractiveness was due in part to an early and more rapid fruiting rate, but in the case of 'Tamcot CAB-CS,' TX CAMD 21S-7-81, and TX BLLEBOS 1-83, an additional attractiveness factor was indicated. A number of breeding strains with red-stem, red-stem-nectariless, frego bract, and frego- nectariless traits were nonpreferred by boll weevil. Field resistance to boll weevil was confirmed in six day-neutral-converted race stocks (MT-109, MT-293, MT-326, MT-330, MT- 763, and MT-1180) and in one day-neutral race-stock-derived strain (T277-2-6).

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, E. Burris, D. F. Clower, W. D. Caldwell, J. G. Marshall, and S. J. Stringer. 1988. Registration of three insect resistant cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 28: 200. Lines included La. HG-063, La. HG-065, and La. HG-660, which combine resistance to bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) with early maturity, good yielding ability, acceptable fiber quality, and reduced pubescence. BW/TBW resistance is attributed to a high frequency of normal-size gossypol glands (HG) located over the calyx (including lobes), ovary wall, and other plant parts. The lines were developed from a cross between two HG lines, La. HG 83-1-1546 x La. HG 1838-1497. The two parents were selected from an intercross population involving Louisiana advanced breeding lines, 'Stoneville 213,' and GT5A-10-152XG15. The strain, GT5A-10-15-2XG15, obtained from M. J. Lukefahr, was the original source of the HG trait.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, J. B. Graves, A. M. Pavloff, B. R. Leonard, E. Burris, W. D. Caldwell, S. Macinski, and S. H. Moore. 1989. Agronomically enhanced insect-resistant cottons. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 135-137. Yield and insect damage of five experimental strains is discussed. LA850074-F, LA850075-F, LA850082-FN, LA860280-F, and LA860284-F were equal to or superior than La HG-660 in terms of lint yield and reduced bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage. LA850074-F and LA850075-F produced lint yields equal to or superior than 'Deltapine 41' and 'DES 119' in the absences of BW/TBW. All strains are frego bract and would be expected to be resistant to boll weevils as well.

Jones, J. E., J. I. Dickson, and R. G. Novick. 1988. Another look at effects of leaf shape traits on agronomic performance of upland cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 94. Four leaf shape near-isolines [normal, semi-okra (sea-island or sub-okra), okra, and super-okra] on each of two genetic backgrounds (La 213-613 and MD 65-11) were evaluated in nine environments. Okra leaf was the superior leaf shape on the La. 213-613 background in terms of lint yield; sub-okra was the superior leaf shape on the MD 65-11 background. Super-okra was affected by environments more than the other leaf types; its yield was inferior to normal leaf in environments where rank growth was not a problem, but equal or superior to normal leaf when rank growth occurred. Super-okra leaf increased earliness on both genetic backgrounds, and okra leaf increased earliness on the La. 213-613 background.

Jones, J. E., R. G. Novick, and J. I. Dickson. 1988. Boll weevil resistance in day-neutral converted primitive race stocks of Gossypium hirsutum L. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 99. Nine race-stock-derived, day-neutral strains were compared with the boll-weevil-susceptible cultivars, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41, and the resistant frego-nectariless breeding line La.81-560FN for relative field resistance to boll weevils and for anther number and mass per flower. Field resistance was confirmed in four strains (MT 109, MT 330, MT 763, and MT 1180) and identified for the first time in MT 323 and T 1219). The race-stock-derived strains had as many or more anthers per flower, but less than or equally as much anther mass per flower as the checks. All race-stock-derived strains were late and unproductive, but provide sources of boll weevil resistance that should be used in cultivar development.

Jones, R. W., J. R. Cate, and P. A. Fryxell. 1991. Phenology and ecology of Cienfuegosia intermedia Fryx. (Malvaceae) and evaluation as a host plant of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Southwestern Naturalist 36: 75-83. It is concluded that boll weevils are not hosted by C. intermedia, and the plant plays no role in the population dynamics of the weevils in north central Mexico.

Katterman, F. R. H. and V. I. Shattuck. 1983. An effective method of DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium species that contain large amounts of phenolic terpenoids and tannins. Preparative Biochemistry 13(4): 347-359. Purified and unstained nuclei were isolated from the leaves of several Gossypium species (diploid and tetraploid). DNA, previously unobtainable, was then extracted from the nuclei by conventional means.

Kennedy, C. W., M. T. Ba, A. G. Caldwell, R. L. Hutchinson, and J. E. Jones. 1987. Differences in root and shoot growth and soil moisture extraction between cultivars in an acid subsoil. Plant and Soil 101: 241-246. Research was conducted to determine if differences in yield and crop growth of field-grown cultivars (Stoneville 825, Deltapine 41, Auburn 56, and Pima S-5) would be related to root length density and end-of-season soil moisture content in an acid soil. Normalization of root density on a percentage of total root density basis indicated that Stoneville 825 and Pima S-5 had a consistently greater percentage of roots in the acidic subsoil than did Auburn 56 and Deltapine 41. Subsoil moisture remaining at the end of the season was least for Stoneville 825 and greatest for Deltapine 41. Differences in root length density and implied soil moisture extraction in acidic subsoil may partly explain differences in adaptation by some cultivars to nonirrigated, drought-prone, acidic soils.

Kennedy, C. W. and J. E. Jones. 1991. Evaluating quantitative screening methods for manganese toxicity in cotton genotypes. J. Plant Nutrition 14: 1331-1339. Cotton genotypes LaDSIS 12513, LADASS 5175, Coker gl 79-501, and Pima S-5 were used to compare several quantitative and semi-quantitative measures of reaction to high levels of soil manganese. Indole-3-acetic acid oxidase (IAAO) is the functional enzyme of Mn toxicity, but has a relatively slow assay method. Peroxidase activity, with a faster assay method, was found to most closely parallel IAAO activity. Specific leaf weight and "percentage of leaves that were damaged" correlated the least with IAAO activity.

Kennedy, C. W., W. C. Smith, and J. E. Jones. 1986. Effect of early season square removal on three leaf types of cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 139-145. Square removal was carried out in the field on normal leaf (NL), okra leaf (OL), and super- okra leaf (SOL) near-isogeneic lines of 'Stoneville 213' for 3 and 6 weeks to determine (1) if improved yield could be obtained in OL and/or SOL types by enlarging the canopy, and (2) if delaying fruit set produced differential response in these leaf types. Results would form the basis for development of a boll weevil trap crop system using exogenous chemicals for square abscission. Square removal increased plant height, LAI and number of sympodial branches. Fruit set was more rapid and occurred in a shorter interval for all leaf types undergoing square removal for 3 weeks. These responses were greatest and most consistent in SOL. Rapid fruit set was due primarily to more sympodia fruiting simultaneously. Yield of SOL was 23.5 percent greater with 3 weeks of square removal than without square removal. Yield was not improved in NL or OL by square removal.

Kennedy, C. W., W. C. Smith, and J. E. Jones. 1986. Effect of reduced light intensity on reproductive growth of three isogeneic lines differing in leaf type. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 63. Isogeneic lines of 'Stoneville 213' differing in leaf type [normal (NL), okra (OL), and super- okra (SOL)] were evaluated in the field under full sun, 55 percent shade cloth, and 80 percent shade cloth for 3 years. Shaded OL maintained a flowering rate comparable to control plants, while flower production in NL and SOL declined numerically or statistically across shade treatments. Boll accumulation rates of leaf types declined in shade treatments, but the reduction was smallest in OL. Relative to controls, OL and SOL had greater boll retention percent than NL in the 80 percent shade treatment. Seed cotton yield was significantly greater in OL than NL or SOL in 80 percent shade treatment.

Kittock, D. L., E. L. Turcotte, and W. C. Hofmann. 1988. Estimation of heat tolerance improvement in recent American Pima cotton cultivars. J. Agron. and Crop Sci. 161: 305- 309. This report estimated change in heat tolerance of Pima cotton through yield response over 30 years in six Arizona counties that differ in elevation and mean summer temperatures. Pima lint yield increased from 57 percent of upland yield in 1956 to 75 percent in 1985 when averaged over the six counties. Comparison of regression coefficients suggest that nearly 50 percent of the 30- year lint yield increase of Pima cotton at lower elevations was the result of increased tolerance to high temperature in improved cultivars.

Kohel, R. J. 1980. Genetic studies of seed oil in cotton. Crop Sci. 20: 784-787. Twenty lines with a wide range of seed oil were studied for genetic control of seed oil in F₃. Heritability estimate for seed oil was 35 percent. Seed oil and seed components were measured.

Kohel, R. J. 1982. Crinkle-yellow, a new mutant in Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered. 73:382- 383. A new completely recessive mutant, crinkle-yellow, was described. Linkage analysis with 41 loci found no linkage associations.

Kohel, R. J. 1983. Genetic analysis of virescent mutants and the identification of virescents v- 12, v-13, v-14, v-15, and v-16v-17 in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 289-291. Nine virescent lines were tested for relation to existing virescents. The tests identified some alleles with existing virescents and identified six new loci, four simply inherited and one duplicate recessive.

Kohel, R. J. 1983. Genetic analysis of the yellow-veins mutant in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 291- 293. A new completely recessive mutant was described. Linkage analysis with 38 loci determined it was a member of linkage group XVII with Rugate and virescent-1.

Kohel, R. J. 1985. Genetic analysis of fiber color variants in cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 793-797. Lines with combinations of brown and green fuzz and lint were analysed for their relation to known genes. Four new brown lint loci were described. All green lint and fuzz lines were allelic to green lint.

Kohel, R. J. 1988. Genetic analysis of a white mutant in cotton. Crop Sci. 28: 1016-1018. A new mutant was described that is controlled by duplicate recessive genes. The mutant is usually expressed as a seedling lethal. Linkage analysis found no linkage with the 14 loci tested.

Kohel, R. J. 1989. Cotton. Ch. 21. pp. 404-415. Oil Crops of the World. Robbelen, G., R.K. Downey, and A. Ashri (eds.). McGraw Hill Publ. Co., New York, N.Y. The genetics of seed-oil of cotton was reviewed. A discussion was presented on the status and potential for breeding of seed traits in cotton was given.

Kohel, R. J. and C. R. Benedict. 1987. Growth analysis of cottons with differing maturities. Agron. J. 79: 31-34. Performance of differing maturing cotton were evaluated for timing of reproductive events, amounts, and partioning of dry weight. It was determined that early maturity limits productivity per plant, but plant yield components can be modified with genetic selection.

Kohel, R. J. and J. P. Cherry. 1983. Variation of cottonseed quality with stratified harvests. Crop Sci. 23: 1119-1124. Two years data from stratified harvests were obtained for seed quality factors including fatty acid and amino acid profiles. Significant interactions demonstrated the care needed in sampling experiments and they pointed out the need for more research to understand the environmental factors influencing seed development.

Kohel, R. J., J. Glueck, and L. W. Rooney. 1985. Comparison of cotton germplasm collections for seed-protein content. Crop Sci. 25: 961-963. Seed protein was determined for the Gossypium hirsutum lines in the germplasm collection. These values were related to earlier determinations of seed-oil content.

Kohel, R. J. and McMichael. 1990. Immature fiber mutant of Upland cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 419- 421. A simple recessive mutant, immature, is described. The mutant phenotype is characterized by fibers with immature development.

Kohel, R. J. and A. E. Percival. 1989. Genetic analysis of the "rex" mutant in cotton. J. Hered. 80: 78-80. A complete recessive mutant termed rex was described. It was found as a spontaneous mutant in the cv. Rex. Linkage analysis found it linked to Ragged leaf, 17.45 percent, and therefore a member of linkage group X.

La Duke, J. C. and P. A. Fryxell. 1988. Lecotypification of Malva angustifolia Cav. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 159-163. The type specimen of Malva angustifolia (= Sphaeralcea angustifolia) has previously been problematical. The problem is reviewed and resolved by the choice of a lectotype.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1980. Evaluation of foreign and domestic cotton cultivars and strains for boll weevil resistance. Crop Sci. 20: 804-806. Forty-four domestic and introduced cotton strains were evaluated for resistance to boll weevil oviposition. Introduced lines, Lasani 11, AC 134, Albar 627, GO77-2, BP 52/NC 63, and domestic lines TX-LY-18-72, DES-HERB 16, and DES-ARB 16 received significantly less oviposition than DPL 16, but not less than ST 213.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1980. Evaluation of 38 foreign and domestic cotton cultivars for tarnished plant bug resistance. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Report 5(1). 4 pp. Thirty-eight foreign and domestic cotton cultivars were evaluated for tarnished plant bug resistance. Four lines from Bulgaria showed significant resistance.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1982. Effect of 43 foreign and domestic cotton cultivars and strains on growth of tobacco budworm larvae. Crop Sci. 22: 543-545. Thirty-five foreign and eight USA cotton lines were evaluated for antibiosis to tobacco budworm. Significant antibiosis was present in foreign entries BJA 592, Laxmi, SATU 65 and US strains MO-HG and HG-BR-8-N.

Lambert, L., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., and McCarty, J. C. 1982. Greenhouse technique for evaluating resistance to the bandedwinged whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) used to evaluate thirty-five foregin cotton cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 75: 1166-1168. A greenhouse procedure for evaluation of cotton lines for banded winged white flies was developed and used to evaluate 36 cotton lines. One foreign line C 1211 had significantly less white fly colonization than DPL 16. No line had less white fly emergence than DPL 16.

Lee, J. A. 1981. A genetical scheme for isolating cotton cultivars. Crop Sci. 21: 339-341. A complementary lethality interaction occurs when G. davidsonii Kell., a diploid cotton, is crossed with either G. hirsutum L. or G. barbadense L., tetraploid cottons. The tetraploids contribute Le₁ and Le₂ while the diploid contributes Le^dav. This latter allele was transferred via hexaploid bridging. The le and Le^dav alleles can be used to genetically isolate cottons for special purposes, e.g. productions of hybrids and gossypol-free seeds.

Lee, J. A. 1981. Genetics of the D3 complementary lethality system in Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense. J. Hered. 72: 299-300. Two alleles, Le₁ and Le₂, were identified as the complementary lethal factors located in the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense genomes. The allele Le^dav is found in the diploid G. davidsonii genome.

Lee, J. A. 1981. A new linkage relationship in cotton. Crop Sci. 21: 346-347. Linkage between the gland-determining allele, GL₃^dav, and the complementary lethal factor, Le^dav, was estimated at 25.9 + 3.0 recombination units.

Lee, J. A. 1982. Linkage relationships between Le and Gl alleles in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1211- 1213. Indirect results and reconstruction of probable pathways in the evolution alleles at the le loci in various Gossypium taxa led to the tentative conclusion that Le₂ and Le^dav are alleles at a common locus. Direct methods of testing allelism are not possible since combination of the two alleles results in lethality of the embryo or plant.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Effect of plant smoothness on agronomic traits of upland cotton-fiber properties. Crop Sci. 24: 716-720. Degree of plant smoothness was not related to any consistent deleterious effect on fiber properties; however, specific smoothness alleles did confer fiber quality deficits. The Sm₂ allele reduced 2.5 percent fiber span length and increased fiber micronaire. The Sm₁^sl allele reduced fiber tenacity. There was evidence for maternal and reciprocal effects for some fiber traits.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Effects of plant smoothness on agronomic traits of upland cotton-lint percentage. Crop Sci. 24: 583-587. The degree of plant smoothness was not correlated with values for number of seeds per boll seed index, lint index, and grams of seed cotton per boll. The Sm₂ allele significantly reduced lint percent, and increasing plant smoothness does not further reduce lint percent.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Effects of two pilosity alleles on agronomic and fiber traits of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 127-129. The pilosity alleles, H₂ and Pilose, impart dense pubescence to plant parts of cotton. Pilose differed from H₂ by having pubescent bolls. Pilose reduced 2.5 percent fiber span length and 50 percent fiber span length and fiber tensile strength while it increased fiber length uniformity index and fiber micronaire.

Lee, J. A. 1984. Two new alleles at the sm₁ locus in cotton. Crop Sci. 24: 945-947. One allele from the wild Hawaiian tetraploid species, G. tomentosum Nutt. ex. Seem., removes all trichomes from stems and most trichomes from mature leaves. This allele is dominant to normal pubescence. The second allele is from the Peruvian diploid species, G. raimondii Ulbr., and increases the density of trichomes acting as a dominant allele. This finding suggests that the sm₁ locus of the D subgenome is the homeologue of the sm₂ or h₁ of the A subgenome.

Lee, J. A. 1985. Effects of the density of pubescence on some traits of extra-long-stapled cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 517-520. Glabrous reduced lint percent in AS-2 and Pima S-5, reduced 2.5 percent span fiber length in AS-2 and reduced fiber tenacity and fiber length uniformity index in Coastland compared with normal pubescence. Hirsuteness increased lint percent in AS-2 and Pima S-5, reduced g seed cotton boll-1, lint index, fiber length uniformity index, and fiber elongation in Coastland compared with normal pubescence.

Lee, J. A. 1985. Revision of the genetics of the hairiness-smoothness system of Gossypium. J. Hered. 76: 123-126. The symbols T and t, denoting trichomes, replace the earlier symbols of glabrousness, Sm and sm, and hirsute enhancing, H and h. Five loci were identified with the t₁ and t₂ loci each bearing six alleles; the t₃ locus, three alleles; and the t₄ and t₅ loci each bearing two alleles.

Lee, J. A. 1986. Effects of boll pilosity on some traits of 'Pima' cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 741-743. Boll pilosity (dense pubescence) resulted in significantly higher micronaire values (5.9 and 5.8 versus 5.0 and 5.3) than glabrous bolls in a genetic stock, E-2, of 'Pima' cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.).

Lee, J. A. 1987. Induction of adventitious shoots in cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 349-350. Adventitious buds were discovered in the upland cotton cultivar, 'Coker 201,' although the numbers were low. However, the primitive G. hirsutum cotton 'Orinoco' appeared to have a well-developed capacity for the generation of shoots from roots and/or stumps.

Leonard, B. R., J. E. Jones, and J. B. Graves. 1989. Heliothis spp. management in cotton utilizing host plant resistance in combination with selected insecticides. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 323-327. Yield and insect damage of La HG-660 [partially resistant to bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW)] and 'Deltapine 41' (DP41, susceptible to BW/TBW) were compared under three BW/TBW control regimes: larvicide, ovicide and no control. DP41 without BW/TBW control suffered significantly more BW/TBW damage than all other treatments. A larvicide in combination with La HG-660 was the most effective treatment for controlling BW/TBW damage, though not significantly more effective than a larvicide in combination with DP41. Lint yields of both strains were highest with a larvicide and lowest without insecticide. No strain x insecticide treatment interaction was observed for lint yield.

Li, R., D. M. Stelly, and N. L. Trolinder. 1989. Cytogenetic abnormalities in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cell cultures. Genome. 32: 1128-1134. Paired samples from cotton suspension cultures established from 21-month old 'Coker 312' and 8-month-old 'Coker 315' calli were pretreated or not pretreated with colchicine to detect cytogenetic abnormalities at metaphase or anaphase-telophase, respectively. Cell cultures established from both calli were found to vary in chromosome number. Hypoaneuploidy was common, but hyperaneuploidy and polyploidy were rare. Bridges at anaphase and telophase were frequent in the 'Coker 312' cultures but rare in the 'Coker 315' cultures. Cytogenetic differences between the cultures could be due to effects of culture age, genotype, their interaction, or other factors. The occurrence of hypoaneuploidy and bridges, including multiple bridges within single cells, is concordant with the hypothesis that breakage-fusion-bridge cycles may accumulate during in vitro culture of cotton.

Lott, E. J. and P. A. Fryxell. 1983. A new species of Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) from Chiapas, Mexico. Brittonia 35: 34-36. Sicyos motozintlensis is described and illustrated.

McCall, Lloyd L. 1981. Multidirectional selection in upland cotton for three fiber properties. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Three long-term, selection studies were conducted through five cycles within genetically variable populations of cotton. One population was selected only for fiber length, another for fineness, and the last for strength. In each selection cycle, the upper and lower 10 percent of the plants in the population were selected; and selfed seed from those plants were bulked to form new high and low populations for subsequent tests and further selections. Response to selection for fiber length appeared to be linear, but more effective for shorter than for longer fiber. Even after four cycles of selection under enforced selfing, most populations possessed sufficient variability to show significant selection responses in the fifth selection cycle. Reverse selection was effective in most cases, but it also suggested that the first selection made for fiber length is the most important. Selections for longer fiber tended to result in lower lint yield, lint percentages, uniformity index, and delayed maturity; tending to increase were another measure of fiber length, fiber fineness, and fiber strength. Selections toward coarser fiber were generally effective through five cycles; whereas, those toward finer fiber apparently reached a limit after only two selections. One reverse selection for fiber fineness apparently greatly reduced the genetic variability of the trait. Selections for coarser fiber tended to result in shorter fiber and in higher uniformity index. All other traits (except earliness) displayed significant correlated responses, but no general trends in direction were evident. The fiber strength results have been published elsewhere (Crop Sci. 26:744-750. 1986) and are not duplicated here.

McCall, L. L., L. M. Verhalen, and R. W. McNew. 1982. Genotype-environment interaction study of lock tenacity in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 794-797. Sixteen cotton cultivars were grown in experiments under irrigation and on dryland at two Oklahoma locations over a 3-year period. The storm resistance trait, measured as "lock tenacity," was studied in genotype x environment interaction analyses over years for all four experiments, for the two irrigated tests, and for the two dryland tests. A number of genotype x environment interaction mean squares for lock tenacity were significant for both observed and log-transformed data; however, the magnitudes of the interaction variance components were relatively small compared to their respective cultivar components. Classifications into major boll-type categories and selections for the trait in one environment should be relatively stable in other environments. However, because the range of values observed was greater and because the separation of boll types was more distinct under irrigation, more effective selections for the trait are probably made under that situation.

McCall, L. L., L. M. Verhalen, and R. W. McNew. 1986. Multidirectional selection for fiber strength in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 744-750. This selection experiment for T₁ fiber strength was conducted through five cycles within a genetically variable population of cotton to investigate the direct and correlated responses to selection for that trait. The stronger-fibered 10 percent of the plants, as well as the weaker-fibered 10 percent, were selected within each population in each cycle. Selfed seed from selected plants were used to form new populations for testing and further selection. Selection for fiber strength was effective. After four cycles of selection under enforced self-pollination, half the populations still possessed sufficient genetic variability to show a significant selection response in the fifth selection cycle. One generation of reverse selection for fiber strength was often followed by dramatic increases in variability and in subsequent selection response; however, two or more low-strength selections had a detrimental effect on later selections for high-fiber strength. Selection for stronger fiber tended to result in lower lint percentages, but it increased fiber lengths, uniformity index, and earliness, and it had variable response for lint yield and fiber fineness.

McCarty, J. C., Jr. and J. N. Jenkins. 1992. Cotton germplasm: characteristics of 79 day-neutral primitive race accessions. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. #184 17 pp. Useful genetic variability was measured for several agronomic and fiber traits. Day-neutral lines had more main-stem nodes and were taller than cultivars. Lint percentage for most of the day-neutral lines was in the mid to low 30's and they generally produced less seed cotton than cultivars. A few of the day-neutral lines had greater fiber strength than Delta cultivars. The micronaire tended to be equal to or higher than for cultivars, and they generally had shorter fibers. Two years of data are presented for traits measured.

McCarty, J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and W. L. Parrott. 1982. Partial suppression of boll weevil oviposition by a primitive cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 490-492. Boll weevils oviposited significantly less on a BC₂F₃ progeny of T-78 than on the cultivars Deltapine 61 and Stoneville 213. The level of resistance in the day-neutral T-78 progeny approached that of the original photoperiodic stock.

McCarty, J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and W. L. Parrott. 1986. Yield response of two cotton cultivars to tobacco budworm infestation. Crop Sci. 26: 136-139. The yield of Tamcot CAMD-E (short-season) was not reduced or delayed as much as that of Stoneville 213 (full-season) when tobacco budworm larvae were applied during early-, mid-, and full-season. The application of larvae during the early stage of fruiting had a greater impact on reducing yield and delaying maturity than when larvae were applied during mid- and late-season.

McCarty, J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and W. L. Parrott. 1987. Genetic resistance to boll weevil oviposition in primitive cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 263-264. Significantly less boll weevil oviposition was found on day-neutral backcross progeny of T-326 and T-1180. The resistance had been transferred from primitive, day-length sensitive, to day-neutral lines of cotton.

McCarty, J. C., Jr., J. N. Jenkins, R. L. Shepherd, and W. L. Parrott. 1987. Vegetative growth response of primitive cotton race stocks to PIXR. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Report 12(15). 4 pp. The plant growth regulator PIX was applied to 16 day-neutral primtive race stocks of cotton. PIX did not affect seed cotton yield. The major effect of PIX was to reduce the number of mainstem nodes and plant height.

McCarty, J. C., Jr. and J. E. Jones. 1989. Boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) nonpreference for primitive cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 298-300. Six day-neutral lines (T-109DN, T-277-2-6DN, T-330DN, T-759DN, T-763DN, and T-790DN) had significantly less boll weevil oviposition and significantly fewer boll weevil-damaged squares than the susceptible checks, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41 or 61 in both laboratory and field tests. Resistance was not attributed to any morphological trait.

McCarty, J. C., Jr., W. R. Meredith, J. N. Jenkins, W. L. Parrott, and J. C. Bailey. 1983. Genotype x environment interaction of cottons varying in insect resistance. Crop Sci. 23: 970-973. The yield potential and adaptability of nine nectariless-nectaried pairs of cotton were evaluated for 1 to 3 years at six locations with and without early season insect control. Significant strain x location interactions were detected for first harvest and total lint yields. Over 3 years nectariless cottons averaged 5.7 percent higher total yields than nectaried cottons when grown without early season insect control. No differences in total yield were detected between the nectaried/nectariless cottons when grown with early season insect control. The nectariless cottons used in the study had high adaptability potentials, but other traits (glandless, high gossypol, okra leaf, and frego bract) investigated did not.

Mahill, J. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr, and W. L. Parrott. 1983. Evaluation of exotic germplasm of Gossypium hirsutum L. for resistance to bacterial blight. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 114. Day-neutral lines (165) from 124 accessions were evaluated for resistance to bacterial blight, mixed inoculum (races 1, 2, 7, 10, and 18). Fifty-four were significantly more susceptible than DPL 61 and ST 213. Most others were intermediate in resistance. We consider 77 of these to be potential sources of intermediate levels of resistance. It should be profitable to conduct research with individual races of blight on T-805 and M-7914-0815, M-7914-0209 and their progenitor races T-815 and T-209.

Mahill, J. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1983. Evaluation of F₃ and F₄ lines of cotton from crosses of race accessions with upland for resistance to bacterial blight. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 911. Day neutral selections in 210 cotton lines in the day neutral conversion program were evaluated for reaction to bacterial blight mixed inoculum from races 1, 2, 7, 10, and 18. Resistance was not associated with any cotton race or geographic origin. Two cotton strains from the Bahamas were intermediate in resistance.

Mahill, J. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1984. Performance and stability of doubled haploid lines of upland cotton derived via semigamy. Crop Sci. 24: 271-277. Doubled haploids were derived via semigamy for 15 lines and these were evaluated for environmental stability of agronomic traits and putative tobacco budworm allelochemics. Doubled haploids were as environmentally stable for yield performance as cultivars and were as stable for allelochemical level within a growing season.

Mahill, J. F., J. N. Jenkins, W. R. Meredith, Jr. and V. Meyer. 1982. Influence of Gossypium cytoplasms on expression of bacterial blight. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Res. Report 7(17). Five exotic cytoplasms (A1, A2, B1, AD2, AD3) in five cultivar backgrounds, B3080, Coker 201, Delcot 277, St 213, and DPL 16 were evaluated for bacterial blight. In the AD1 cytoplasm, B3080 was the most resistant cultivar and DPL 16 was more resistant than C 201 or Delcot 277. Small but significant differences were found among the five exotic cytoplasms. None of the cytoplasms were more susceptible than AD1.

Menzel, M. Y., P. A. Fryxell, and F. D. Wilson. 1983. Relationships among New World species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria (Malvaceae). Brittonia 35: 204-221. Seventeen species of Hibiscus sect. Furcaria are native to the New World at four ploidy levels (diploid to decaploid). Most are tetraploid (2n=72), including four species reported here for the first time (H. cucurbitaceus, H. flagelliformis, H. flagelliformis, H. kitaibelifolius, and H. laxiflorus). Interspecific hybrids showed meiotic chromosome homology (genome formula GGPP). A Key to the New World species is presented, and H. cerradoensis is described as new and illustrated.

Menzel, M. Y., C. A. Hasenkampf, and J. McD. Stewart. 1982. Incipient genome differentiation in Gossypium. III. Comparison of chromosomes of Gossypium hirsutum and asiatic diploids using heterozygous translocations. Genetics 100: 89-103. Three diploid A-genome lines representing G. herbaceum and G. arboreum were hybridized by in ovulo culture of embryos (1) with a standard line of G. hirsutum and (2) with six lines homozygous for translocations involving chromosomes 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Chiasma frequencies in hybrids were compared with those in appropriate G. hirsutum controls. In every comparison overall chiasma frequencies were slightly lower in the hybrids. Therefore, A_h appears to be differentiated from the diploid A genomes. No localized differentiation was detected in chromosomes marked by translocations. The differentiation may be localized mainly in chromosome 4 and 5.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1980. Performance of paired nectaried and nectariless F₃ cotton hybrids. Crop Sci. 20: 757-760. Nectaried and nectariless F₃ bulk populations were derived from crosses of DES 24-8ne with 8 pairs of diverse parents in 1976, and 11 pairs in 1977. Averaged over both years, nectaried populations had 1.8 percent larger seeds on 1.6 and 0.9 percent longer fiber (50- and 2.5- percent span length respectively) than nectaried plants. In 1977 boll size in nectaried populations averaged 1.5 percent larger than that for nectariless plants. No significant deleterious association of yield, yield components, and fiber properties was detected. Little problems in breeding for nectariless cottons should be expected.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1983. Effect of environments and genetic backgrounds on evaluation of cotton isolines. Crop Sci. 23: 51-54. Near isogenic lines (BC₅ were developed in 24-8ne and ORH 55 and 2 segregating F₄ strains for all combinations of homozygous combination of normal and frego bract and normal and Okra leaf morphological types. The 16 genotypes were evaluated for yield in 1979 and 1980 under 2 insect-control regimes for a total of 4 environments. The effect of Okra leaf on lint yield was influenced greatly by environments but relatively little by genetic backgrounds. Average yield for Okra and normal leaf was 597 and 625 kg/ha, respectively. Bract types were more sensitive than leaf types to environments and genetic backgrounds. The average yield for normal and frego-bract types grown under insect control environments was 751 and 582 kg/ha; and under the no control regime was 674 and 435 kg/ha, respectively. Varying environments were more important in the evaluation of these traits than varying genetic backgrounds.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1984. Influence of leaf morphology on lint yield of cotton - enhancement by the sub okra trait. Crop Sci. 8: 855-857. The average yield of eight near-isogenic lines of sub-okra leaf was significantly higher than their normal counterparts by 4.8 percent. The research was conducted at three Delta locations in 1982.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1984. Quantitative genetics, In Kohel, R. J. and Lewis, C. F. (eds.) Cotton. Am. Society of Agronomy. pp 131-150. A review of cotton quantitative inheritance studies were made. Topics covered were genotype x environment interaction, heterosis, gene action, combining ability, association of traits, and selection progress.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1985. Lint yield genotype x environment interactions in upland cotton as influenced by leaf canopy isolines. Crop Sci. 25: 509-512. Near isogenic lines of normal, okra leaf, and normal x okra leaf F₁ and F₂ populations for eight cotton cultivars were evaluated in 1979 and 1980 with two planting dates and three seeding rates at Stoneville, MS. F₂ leaf canopy types produced the most stable yields across all environments. Strong leaf type x environment interactions were detected.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1988. Registration of eight sub-okra cotton germplasms. Crop Sci. 28: 1035-1036. Eight sub okra cotton germplasms were released.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1990. Contributions of introductions to cotton improvement. in Shands, H. L. (ed.) Contributions of introductions to crop improvement. Am. Society of Agronomy. pp 127-146. The history of cotton breeding is mostly the history of introductions and their use. Three improvement programs that have made major use of introductions are the Texas Multiple Adversity Resistant Improvement Program; Acala program in California; and Pee Dee, South Carolina program. Several species which have contributed to these programs are Gossypium arboreum, G. thurberi, and G. barbadense, as well as the Mexican Race stocks. From these introductions, progress in disease and insect resistance, fiber quality, and yield have been obtained.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. 1990. Yield and fiber-quality potential for second-generation cotton hybrids. Crop Sci. 30: 1045-1048. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using F₂ hybrids by comparing them with parents and F₁'s for yield, fiber quality, and interaction with environments. The genetic design was a half-diallel consisting of seven mid-South parents, 21 F₁'s, and 21 F₂'s. The 49 genotypes were grown in 1987 and 1988 at three sites near Stoneville, MS. Average first-harvest yield was 594, 688, and 643 kg/ha for the parents, F₁'s, and F₂'s, respectively. Average yarn tenacity was 130, 134, and 132 kN m/kg for the parents, F₁ and F₂ hybrids, respectively. Both F₁ and F₂ hybrids had significantly fewer short fibers than the parents. The results indicate that F₂ hybrids have the genetic potential for increasing cotton yields and fiber quality.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. and R. R. Bridge. 1984. Genetic contributions to yield changes in cotton. in Fehr, W. R. (ed.) Genetic contributions to yield gains of major crop plants. Am. Society of Agronomy. pp. 75-87. (Book chapter). Both regression techniques and comparison of obsolete and modern cultivars indicate cotton breeders have been increasing the yield of cotton through genetics by about 1 percent for the period beginning in about 1910.

Meredith, W. R., Jr., T. W. Culp, K. Q. Robert, G. F. Ruppenicker, W. S. Anthony, and J. R. Williford. 1991. Determining future cotton variety fiber quality objectives. Textile Research J. 61(12), 715-720. Two plantings of 19 varieties with 2 replications each were made in both Mississippi and South Carolina in 1986. The varieties represented a broad range of types grown across the U.S.A. Yarn tenacities of 42 tex (14 N_e) and 27 tex (22 N_e) open-end and 30 tex (20 N_e) and 12 tex (50 N_e) ring spinning were determined for the 152 samples. Correlation of yarn tenacity values between spinning methods was high; r₂ = 93 percent. Variety bundle strength (T₁) consistently gave the highest correlation with yarn tenacity, with an average r₂ of 89 percent. Fiber fineness and length also were correlated with yarn tenacity with an r₂ of about 50 percent.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. and R. Wells. 1986. Normal vs. okra leaf yield interactions in cotton. I. Performance of near-isogenic lines from bulk populations. Crop Sci. 26: 219-222. Okra leaf selections in a Deltapine 5540 x Stoneville 7A okra-leaf, nectariless strain F₇ population yielded 7 percent more lint than their normal leaf near-isolines. Stoneville 213 normal leaf yielded 10 percent more lint than its back-crossed (BC₅) okra leaf near isoline. The results from these experiments imply that certain populations have the genetic potential of producing okra-leaf cottons with higher yielding ability than that of normal-leaf cottons.

Meredith, W. R. Jr. and R. Wells. 1987. Sub-okra leaf influence on cotton yield. Crop Sci. 27: 47-48. A study in three diverse environments in 1985 near Stoneville, MS, compared the yield of eight BC₄F₃-derived sub okra-leaf (L^u₂) and normal-leaf (l₂) cotton plants. Sub-okra leaf averaged significantly higher lint yields (3 percent) than normal-leaf cotton. Significant cultivar x leaf type interactions for yield were detected. This study indicates that for some genetic backgrounds and environments that the use of sub okra to replace normal leaf offers a potential yield increase of 3 to 5 percent.

Meredith, W. R., Jr. and R. Wells. 1989. Potential for increasing cotton yields through enhanced partitioning to reproductive structures. Crop Sci. 29: 636-639. The objective of this study was to determine if yield increases through breeding would likely continue through changes in partitioning of dry matter from vegetative to reproductive structures. Five obsolete cultivars, 5 current cultivars, and 15 advanced strains from 5 cotton breeding organizations were used for yield and growth analyses at 3 environments, 2 in 1985 and 1 in 1986. The 20 current cultivars and advanced strains showed significant yield variability, which showed strong negative genetic correlations with plant height and stem weight to total dry weight ratio; r = 0.44 and -0.80, respectively. This study suggests that yield increases through the use of conventional breeding methods are likely to be achieved through continued partitioning of dry matter from vegetative to reproductive structures.

Milam, M. R., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1985. Combining tarnished plant bug resistance with frego bract. Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Sta. Bulletin No. 939. 4 pp. Frego bract and the resistance of Timok 811 were combined into one line. Development of a frego bract strain as resistant as Timok 811 and with the lint yield of D 7146N was reported. Thus, the susceptibility of frego bract can be mitigated by resistance genes from other sources.

Milam, M. R., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. 1989. Breeding upland cotton for resistance to the tarnished plant bug. Field Crops Res. 21: 227-238. Generation mean analyses were used to determine gene action in four sets of crosses. Three of the four crosses had genes segregating for resistance to tarnished plant bugs. Dominant gene action was primarily responsible for resistance measured as yield and earliness when grown under high levels of tarnished plant bugs.

Millner, P. D. and J. E. Jones. 1987. The influence of leaf and bract shape and insect resistance traits on bacterial and endotoxin content of cotton fiber. Proc. 11th Cotton Dust Res. Conf. pp. 26-27. Fiber from field tests was used to assess the effect of the frego bract, okra leaf, and nectariless characteristics on the amounts of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin present in extracts of the fiber. Isolines with either okra leaf or frego bract traits grown at Baton Rouge, LA, in 1984 were found to have comparable numbers of gram-negative bacteria, but significantly less endotoxin than normal leaf-normal bract cotton. The bacterial or endotoxin status of the fibers may not be reflected in the status of dust generated by carding the respective fibers.

Minton, E. B. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1987. Root-knot nematode effect on nine cotton cultivars in Mississippi. Crop Sci. 27: 1001-1004. Performance of nine cotton cultivars when grown in fumigated and nonfumigated soils was related to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) galling. Root-knot juveniles and root-gall indices were reduced by fumigation. The greatest reduction in root galling occurred on nematode-susceptible cultivars. Lint yields of most susceptible cultivars were increased 2 to 6 percent by Telone II, while lint yield of resistant cultivars was slightly decreased. Regression analysis of yield differences between nonfumigated and fumigated treatments on the root- knot indices of the cultivars grown in the nonfumigated plots showed that M. incognita reduced yield 35.7 kg/ ha for each unit increase in root-gall index.

Muhammad, N. and J. E. Jones. 1990. Genetics of resistance to reniform nematode in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 13-16. Generation mean analysis was used to evaluate the inheritance of resistance to reniform nematode (RN) in three crosses of resistant x susceptible cotton strains. The study indicated that resistance to RN was under genetic control and inherited in a quantitative manner. No pattern was observed for the significance of additive and dominance gene effects, but significant epistatic gene effects occurred in most cases.

Myles, E. L., Jr. and J. E. Endrizzi. 1989. Aneuploids induced by deficiencies of chromosome 9 and analysis of the time of nondisjunction in cotton. Genome 32: 12-18. Plants monosomic for chromosome 9 or haplodeficient for the long arm of the chromosome produce a high frequency of aneuploid progeny. The aneuploids include monosomes, trisomes, and multiple monosomic and trisomic combinations that are the result of chromosome nondisjunction, which is induced by the deficiency of the long arm of chromosome 9.

Narbuth, E. V. and R. J. Kohel. 1990. Inheritance and linkage analysis of a new fiber mutant in cotton. J. Hered. 81: 131-133. A completely dominant mutant, Ligon lintless-2, is described. Mutant plants have short fibers similar to Ligon lintless-1. The plant morphology is normal. No linkages were found with the 24 loci tested from 12 linkage groups.

Negrotto, D. V. 1988. Comparison of Agrobacterium strains in the transformation of cotton. M.S. Thesis, University of Arkansas. Twenty-seven strains of Agrobacterium were tested for their ability to transform four cultivars of cotton. The cotton genotypes did not differ in the percentage of hypoctyl segments transformed. The strains of Agrobacterium, however, differed. Twenty out of 27 strains were capable of inciting tumors on seedling epicotyl stumps. Seven out of 24 strains were able to transfer marker DNA to cotton hyocotyl sections. A. tumefaciens strain 208 was the most efficient in transfer of t-DNA to cotton.

Novick, R. G., J. E. Jones, W. S. Anthony, W. Aguillard, and J. I Dickson. 1991. Genetic trait effects on nonlint trash of cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1029-1034. Twelve near-isolines involving four leaf shapes (normal, semi-okra, okra, and super-okra), two bract types (normal and frego), and two leaf-pubescence levels (hairy and semismooth) were evaluated for nonlint trash content before ginning and after ginning, followed by zero, one, and two lint cleanings. Semismooth and super-okra leaf traits reduced motes and small-leaf trash before ginning. They produced grades similar to the check with one less lint cleaner. Frego-bract isolines had less leaf and bract trash in lint than the normal-bract check at any level of lint cleaning.

Oosterhuis. D. M., S. D. Wullschleger, and J. McD. Stewart. 1988. Diversity in cotton root anatomy. Ark. Farm Res. 37(3):19. The root vascular arrangement was examined in 21 genotypes of G. hirsutum including 5 race stocks, 1 G. barbadense, 1 G. arboreum, and 6 wild diploid species representing the C, D, and E genomes. All diploids were tetrarch while G. hirsutum was predominantly 4 to 5. However, T-25 and the G. barbadense had vascular bundles arranged from pentarch to heptarch.

Pan, J. J. and R. J. Kohel. 1982. Mapping of translocation breakpoints on chromosome 12 of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Nanjing Agric. Coll. 12: 17-32. Naked seed, glandless-2, and nectariless-1 were mapped with translocation stocks T 7-12, T 11-12, T 12-19, and T5-12.

Parrott, W. L., J. N. Jenkins, and J. C. McCarty, Jr. 1983. Feeding behavior of first-stage tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on three cotton cultivars. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 76: 167-170. Describes the feeding behavior of tobacco budworm early stage larvae. First stage larvae do not eat gossypol glands. After the first molt and between 48 and 72 hours of age, larvae stop avoiding feeding on gossypol glands.

Parrott, W. L., W. R. Meredith, Jr., J. N. Jenkins, and J. C. McCarty, Jr. Effects of cotton genotype and early or no insecticide treatment on abundance of selected cotton insects in the Mississippi Delta, 1976. USDA-ARS, Agricultural Research Results, Southern Series #12 (ARS-S-12), Aug. 1982. Two nectariless near isolines, a smooth-leaf line, and a high-gossypol line were evaluated at four Delta locations under two insect management systems. Data are presented on 45 species or groups of insects sampled for several weeks during the season.

Penna, Julio C. V. 1980. Comparisons among selected upland cotton cultivars and strains utilizing the methods of numerical taxonomy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Twenty-four selected cotton cultivars and strains from eight countries were described for 52 characteristics to determine the phenotypic relationships among them utilizing cluster analysis and to estimate within-country variability. The most dissimilar cultivars were '4F' from Pakistan vs. 'Del Cerro' from Peru, while the most similar were 'Deltapine 16' from the USA and 'Minas Dona Beja' from Brazil. Four groups of multiple cultivars were formed. Group I included three U.S.A., three Brazil, and two U.S.S.R. entries; Group II, two from the U.S.S.R.; Group IV, two from the U.S.S.R. and two from Bulgaria; and Group VIII, two from the U.S.A. All other groups were single entries. Excluding South American entries, the U.S.A. cultivars clustered into a distinct group from the Old World cultivars. Within the latter, the Bulgarian entries were the most similar, followed by those from the U.S.S.R., and then individually by entries from Thailand, Uganda, and Pakistan. The U.S.A. cultivars formed three groups -- Group I, Plains-type cultivars; Group II, a surprising grouping of a Coker with an Acala cultivar; and Group III, Delta-types. Estimates of within-country variability were possible for the four countries contributing two or more entries to this study. The mean estimates among the entries from the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., and Brazil were similar; whereas, all three were considerably higher than for Bulgaria which is in a genetically more vulnerable position.

Penna, J. C. V., L. M. Verhalen, and W. M. Johnson. 1984. Reacao de 24 cultivares de algodao a fusariose, bacteriose e verticiliose no campo. (In Portuguese) Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 19: 243-246. Responses of 24 cotton cultivars to fusarium wilt, bacterial blight, and verticillium wilt were determined. The highest level of tolerance to fusarium wilt was exhibited by the cultivar 'IAC-RM₄-SM₅' from Brazil, followed by '4F' from Pakistan, 'Acala SJ-5' from the U.S.A., 'Minas Dona Beja' from Brazil, and 'C-4727' from the U.S.S.R. The most tolerant accessions to bacterial blight were 'CA(68)41' from Uganda, 'Westburn M' and 'Paymaster 303' from the U.S.A., and 4F from Pakistan. The most tolerant to verticillium wilt were Acala SJ-5, Paymaster 303, and 'Lankart LX 571,' all from the U.S.A.

Percival, A. E. 1987. The National Collection of Gossypium Germplasm. South. Coop. Ser. Bull. No. 321, June 1987, 362 pp. A catalog of the seed accessions maintained by the National Cotton Germplasm Collection.

Percival, A. E. 1987. The National Cotton Germplasm Collection - What is it? Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod. Res. Conf., Abst. p. 112 A description of the components that comprises the National Cotton Germplasm Collection.

Percival, A. E. 1991. Collectors track cotton in Latin America to stay ahead of habitat destruction. Diversity, vol. 7, nos 1&2 pp. 66-68. The importance of obtaining cotton germplasm through plant explorations to several Latin American and Caribbean countries is reviewed.

Percival, A. E. 1991. Norte y suramerica colaboran en algodon. Diversity, vol. 7, nos. 1&2 pp. 71-74. The importance of collaborating with the Latin American and Caribbean countries, where cotton is endemic, to secure cotton germplasm is reviewed.

Percival, A. E. and R. J. Kohel. 1990. Distribution, collection, and evaluation of Gossypium. (ed. N.C. Brady.) Adv. Agron. 44: 225-256. A review of the history of cultivated cotton, its domestication, and origins. The distribution of wild and cultivated forms is given. Major collections of germplasm and the status of evaluations are reported.

Percival, A. E., J. Schwendiman, and J. L. Belot. 1986. Cotton collecting on nine Caribbean islands and South Florida. Plant Genetic Resources - Newsletter, AGP/86/66:2-5.

Percival, A. E. and J. M. Stewart. 1985. 1984 survey and collection in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod. Res. Conf., Abst. p. 44. Seeds of dooryard and wild accessions of G. barbadense were collected.

Percival, A. E., James McD. Stewart, Lorenzo Perez, Alejandro Garcia, and Arturo Hernandez. 1992. Collecting cotton endemic to northwest Mexico. Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod. Res. Conf., Abst. p. 607. A cotton exploration to northeast Mexico was successful in obtaining seeds of Gossypium hirsutumL., G. thurberi Tod., G. armourianum Kearn., G. harknessii Brandeg., G. davidsonii Watt, and G. turneri Fryxell. An extensive location where G. aridum Skov. is endemic was also determined.

Percy, R. G. 1986. Effects of environment upon ovule abortion in interspecific F₁ hybrids and single species cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 938-942. Difference in ovule abortion numbers occurred between the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense species, but highest numbers were observed in interspecific hybrids. The rate of increase in ovule abortion number with increasing environmental stress was far greater in hybrids than in parent species.

Percy R. G. and L. S. Bird. 1985. Rust resistance expression in cotyledons, petioles, and stems of Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered. 76: 202-204. Rust resistance inheritance was re-examined to determine if single-gene resistance fit observed resistance expression. Resistance in petioles and stems was found to be independent of cotyledon resistance. An association of petiole and stem resistance was detected.

Percy, R. G. and C. M. Rush. 1985. Evaluation of four upland cotton genotypes for a rate-limiting resistance to Phymatotrichum root rot. Phytopathology 75: 463-466. Rates of fungal growth and symptom development were observed in rows of four genotypes of upland cotton using viewing ports and a boroscope. Genotype had no effect on the rate of linear growth of the pathogen from plant to plant. Symptom progression from plant to plant and symptom-expression interval (time between fungal contact and symptom expression) did not vary with genotype. No rate-limiting resistance was observed.

Percy, R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1988. Development of short and coarse-fibered America Pima cotton for use as parents of interspecific hybrids. Crop Sci. 28: 913-916. In diallel analyses, significant genotype mean squares and general combining ability (GCA) estimates indicated useful variability for shorter, coarser fiber. Ratios of GCA sums of squares to total sums of squares indicated greater additive variability was available for micronaire (GCA SS/total SS=0.70) than for length (GCA SS/total SS=0.34). Selective advance toward a short, coarse Acala type fiber appeared feasible within the elite Pima germplasm.

Percy, R. G. and J. F. Wendel. 1990. Allozyme evidence for the origin and diversification of Gossypium barbadense L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 529-542. Allozyme analysis was performed on 153 accessions representing the spectrum of G. barbadense diversity to ascertain the geographic center of diversity, patterns of diffusion, and to reveal infraspecific relationships. Northwestern South America contained the greatest genetic variability and is probably the species center of origin. Advanced cultivars appeared to be derived from west Andean germplasm, but displayed evidence of introgression with G. hirsutum. Caribbean and Central American accessions were low in genetic variability and appeared to be derived from northern South America, east of the Andes. Evidence of introgression with G. hirsutum was low or absent in areas of sympatry in the Caribbean and Central America.

Percy, R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1991. Early-maturing, short-statured American Pima cotton parents improve agronomic traits of interspecific hybrids. Crop Sci. 31: 709-712. A study was conducted to determine if four G. barbadense strains bred for short stature and earliness would favorably affect plant height, earliness and yield potential of G. hirsutum x G. barbadense interspecific hybrids. Significant parental effects were noted in hybrids for all three of the above traits. At higher elevation test sites, which maximized the observed hybrid yield heterosis, parent earliness was a better predictor of hybrid yield than was parent yield.

Percy, R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1991. Inheritance of male-sterile mutant Ms₁₃ in American Pima cotton. Crop Sci. 31: 1520-1521. A single gene, recessive mutant conferring complete, stable male sterility described. Tests for allelism with previously described recessive male sterility genes were negative. Linkage tests between the new male sterility gene, designated ms₁₃, and 23 Gossypium mutant genes were negative.

Percy, R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1992. Interspecific hybrid fiber characteristics of cotton altered by unconventional Gossypium barbadense L. fiber genotypes. Crop Sci. 32: 1437-1441. A regression of hybrid on G. barbadense parent fiber traits produced an R² of 0.95 for 2.5 percent span length and R² of 0.52 for micronaire. Heterotic effects in hybrids exceeded reposes due to parent contribution and opposed the direction of selection practiced on the G. barbadense parents in the study. Assuming the validity of extrapolation, a parent fiber length of 17.3 mm and micronaire of 6.38 would be required to produce a hybrid fiber with an Acala type 30.5 mm length and 4.20 micronaire.

Percy, R. G. and E. L. Turcotte. 1992. Notice to plant breeders and geneticists relative to release of three noncommercial germplasm lines of Gossypium barbadense L. cotton. USDA and Arizona Agric. Exp. Stn. Memo. 3 p. and Registration. Three G. barbadense germplasm lines were released for use as parental lines in interspecific hybrid and extra-long staple breeding efforts. These lines represent a range of short-statured, early maturing, uniquely fibered phenotypes.

Pettigrew, W. T., J. J. Heitholt, and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1992. Early season floral bud removal and cotton growth, yield, and fiber quality. Agronomy J. 84: 209-214. In a 2-year study, early season defruiting with ethephon reduced yields 7 percent in 1990, but there was no difference in yield in 1989. Fiber quality was not affected by ethephon treatments. Cotton demonstrated a great potential to compensate for early square loss.

Porter, J. B. 1989. Adhesion of Agrobacterium to Gossypium hirsutum suspension cultures. M. S. Thesis, University of Arkansas. Twelve strains of Agrobacterium representing the three biotypes were examined for their ability to bind to eight genotypes of cotton cells grown in suspension. Binding was indluenced by pH and termperature with a pH 6.0 and 26-28C being optimal. Significant (P = 0.01) differences occurred among bacterial strains in the number of colony forming units (cfu) per plant cell with strain A 208 giving the highest. Differences (P = 0.05) occured among the cotton genotypes with Delcot 344 giving the most cfu.

Price, H. J., D. M. Stelly, T. D. McKnight, C. F. Scheuring, D. Raska, M. J. Michaelson, and D. Bergey. 1990. Molecular cytogenetic mapping of a nucleolar organizer region in cotton. J. of Hered. 81: 365-370. A biotin-labeled cloned fragment of 18S-28S ribosomal DNA from soybean was hybridized to DNA in meiotic chromosomes of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. by in situ hybridization. Hybridization sites were detected enzymatically by the strptavidin-peroxidase procedure. Analysis of in situ hybridization to metaphase I meiocytes from two translocation heterozygotes and monosomics involving chromosome 9 indicated that a cluster of ribosomal RNA cistrons on chromosome are 9L. This is the first molecular marker to be mapped in cotton, and, except for translocation markers and arm deficiencies, it is the first marker to be mapped to chromosome 9. In situ hybridization to cytogenetic tester lines in combination with meiotic analysis is a powerful technique for assigning cloned DNA sequences to chromosomes and chromosome arms.

Quisenberry, J. E., B. Roark, D. W. Fryrear, and R. J. Kohel. 1980. Effectiveness of selection in upland cotton in stress environments. Crop Sci. 20: 450-453. Lines selected for performance at Lubbock were tested at three Texas locations, Lubbock, Big Spring, and College Station. It was determined that the stress environment at Lubbock prevented effective field selection.

Ramalho, F. S., W. L. Parrott, J. N. Jenkins, and J. C. McCarty, Jr. Effects of cotton leaf trichomes on the mobility of newly hatched tobacco budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 619-621. Observation of movements of newly hatched tobacco budworm larvae on four cotton strains revealed that pubescence provides a mechanism of resistance to movement of newly hatched larvae.

Ramos, L. C. S. and R. J. Kohel. 1987. Seed-oil content of glanded and glandless cottons. JAOCS. 64: 1337-1340. Gene action in glanded vs glandless cotton combinations for seed-oil content. Seed-oil content was higher in the glandless cottons, and gene action was more clearly defined in the glandless backgrounds.

Ranjbar, Gholam A. 1980. Effects of delayed harvest, cultivar, and boll type on weathering damage to yield-related traits and fiber quality in upland cotton. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University. Four stormproof, four storm-resistant, and four open-boll cultivars of cotton were utilized in this study over 3 years at one location. In most cases, cultivars having the same boll type displayed similar trends for weathering effects on traits associated with yield and fiber quality. Trends were frequently different among the boll types. All yield-related traits were reduced by delayed harvests in at least 2 of the 3 years. Adverse effects of weathering on most traits were more serious in open-boll cultivars than in the other boll types, especially compared to the stormproof cultivars. Storm-resistant cultivars generally displayed intermediate responses between the open-boll and stormproof types, but did not differ significantly from the stormproof types for any yield-related trait in any year. Significant differences between storm-resistant and open-boll types were occasionally detected. All fiber quality traits were reduced by delayed harvests in at least 2 of the 3 years. Differences in trends among boll types were not as consistent for fiber quality as they were for the yield- related traits. The loss in a character to be expected with each 2-week delay in harvest is provided for each boll type.

Ray, D. T. 1984. Metaphase I configurations of the reciprocal translocations in a cytogenetic tester set of Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered. 75: 371-377. Twenty reciprocal translocations of the cytogenetic tester set of G. hirsutum were cytologically characterized.

Ray, D. T. and J. E. Endrizzi. 1982. A tester-set of translocations in Gossypium hirsutum L. J. Hered. 73: 429-433. A tester-set consisting of 20 translocation lines, which identifies all 26 chromosomes of cotton, was selected for reidentification of their chromosome.

Rooney, W. L. and D. M. Stelly. 1989. Allelic composition of cotton at the Le₁ and Le₂ Loci. Crop Sci. 29: 707-712. Fifty-two cultivars were tested by observing the frequencies of nonviable vs. viable progeny and the timing of necrosis following two types of matings; (1) Cotton cultivar x le₁le₁Le ₂^dav and (2) (cultivar x le₁le₁ le₂le₂) x le₁le₁ Le₂^davLe₂ ^dav. All 52 cultivars were found to be Le₁Le₁Le₂Le₂, indicating that the frequencies of alleles le₁ and le₂ are zero, or nearly so, in U.S.A.-developed G. hirsutum germplasm. Results on necrotic development indicated that the cumulative dosage of alleles Le₁ and Le₂ affected the onset of necrosis in the presence of Le₂^dav. Because alleles le₁ and le₂ are rare in American upland cottons, the doubled-haploid breeding system proposed by Stelly et al. will be applicable to these stocks.

Rooney, W. L. and D. M. Stelly. 1990. Genetic effects on the timing of Le₂^dav induced necrosis of cotton. Crop Sci. 30: 70-74. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) if the timing of necrosis is under genetic control of the loci Le₁ and Le₂; and (2) if the mechanism of timing or node of gene action is consistent across genotypes. Five cultivars (Le₁Le₁Le₂Le₂) were used as sources of Le₁ and Le₂ alleles. Seedlings from reciprocal crosses of (cultivar x le_lle₁le₂le₂) F₁ plants and an le₁le₁Le₂^dav Le₂^dav tester were scored for the presence and timing of the lethal reaction. Results indicated that increased dosage of alleles Le₁ and Le₂ with Le₂^dav hastens necrosis, but variation among cultivars indicated that Le₁-Le₂^dav and Le₂-Le₂^dav interactions may not always be distinctly different. Three possible explanations for these differences are: (1) that additional loci are involved; (2) that allelic actions is modified by background genotypic differences; and/or (3) the Le₁ and Le₂ loci are polymorphic.

Rooney, W. L. and D. M. Stelly. 1991. Preferential transmission of somatic elimination of a Gossypium sturtianum chromosome in G. hirsutum. J. of Hered. 82: 151-155.

Rooney, W. L., D. M. Stelly, and D. W. Altman. 1991. Identification of four Gossypium sturtianum monosomic alien addition derivatives from a backcrossing program with G. hirsutum. Crop Sci. 31: 337-341. Monosomic addition (MA) stocks were derived from interspecific backcrosses of Gossypium sturtianum J. H. Willis (2n = 2x = 26, C₁ genome), with G. hirsutum L. [2n = 4x = 52, (AD)₁ genome] as recurrent parent. Using 10 MA plants of varied pedigrees from this project, our objectives were to (1) identify and characterize different MA stocks, (2) determine the phenotypic effect of each addition chromosome, and (3) estimate the frequency of (AD)₁-C₁ recombination. We identified 4 distinct G. sturtianum MA types among the 10 analyzed, and have temporarily designated these as C₁-A, C₁-B, C₁-C, and C₁-D. The C₁-A, C₁-B, and C₁-D MA stocks differed phenotypically from the recurrent parent, while the C₁-C MA stock was phenotypically indistinguishable from the recurrent parent. Genetic data to substantiate recombination have not yet been obtained, but chiasmata were observed at a frequency of 1.7 percent per meiotic C₁ chromosomes of G. hirsutum is occurring, albeit infrequently.

Ross, K. M. 1982. Pigment gland expression in Gossypium interspecific hybrids. M. S. Thesis, University of Tennessee. Observations were made on the expression of seed glands in three generations of (G. hirsutum x G. sturtianum hexaploids. Individual seeds varied in gland number, and low-seed-gland parents did not breed true. However, S1 and S2 progeny from seed selected for low-gland number had range and mean gland number shifted toward glandless relative to the unselected plant population. This implied selectable quantitative inheritance of seed gland number. Number of glands in a seed was not related to the number of glands on vegetative structures of the plant derived from that seed. Observations were made on the foliar gland density of a G. arboreum line, G. anomalum, and their F₁ and F₂ hybrids. Foliar gland density was quantitatively inherited.

Saha, S., D. M. Stelly, and A. E. Percival. 1988. Isozyme polymorphism among diploid and tetraploid species of cotton. Previews 1988 Beltwide Cott. Conf. p. 47. An evaluation of the phylogenetic relationship among the diploid and tetraploid species of cotton on the basis of several isozyme banding patterns.

Schubert, A. M., C. R. Benedict, and R. J. Kohel. 1986. Carbohydrate distribution in bolls. Sec. III, Boll Development, Ch. 2, pp. 311-323. in Mauney, J.R. and J.M. Stewart (eds.). Cotton Physiol. No.1, The Cotton Foundation Reference Book Series. A review of research on carbohydrate source, distribution to bolls, and the development of the boll and its components.

Schuster, M. F., C. W. Smith, and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of nine high tannin cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30: 1375.

Schwendiman, J., G. Ano, and A. E. Percival. 1985. Cotton collecting in continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. Plant Genetic Resources - Newsletter, AGP/85/64:33-37, FAO, Rome, Italy. A collecting mission to obtain seeds of the Gossypium spp., G. barbadense, G. darwinii, and G. klotzschianum.

Schwendiman, J., A. E. Percival, and J. L. Belot. 1985. Rapport de mission dans diverses iles de le mer caribe sur la preservation des resources genetique du cotonnier. F.A.O.-I.B.P.G.R., AGR-PR 3/11. Fevrier - Mars 1985. 46 pp. Seeds of dooryard and wild accessions of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense were collected.

Schwendiman, J., A. E. Percival, and J. L. Belot. 1986. Cotton collecting on nine Caribbean islands and South Florida. Plant Genetic Resources - Newsletter, AGP/86/66:2-5. Seeds of dooryard and wild accessions of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense were collected.

Shattuck, V. and F. R. Katterman. 1982. Enhanced unscheduled DNA synthesis in the cotyledons of Gossypium barbadense L. by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Biochem. and Biophysical Research Comm. 109: 1017-1025. When cotyledonary tissue are treated with the mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate and then germinated, an enhanced, unscheduled DNA synthesis response is observed.

Shattuck, V. and G. Ramsay. 1983. Induction of a chromosomal structural change in Gossypium barbadense L. by ethyl methanesulfonate. J. of the Arizona-Nevada Acad. of Sci. 18: 13-16. Two ethyl-methanesulphonate-induced mutant cotton plants exhibiting atypical vegetative and reproductive morphology were recovered from segregating M₂ population. Both plants possessed duplicate-deficient chromosome segments involving a translocation which was probably responsible for their abnormal phenotype.

Shaver, T. N., R. H. Dilday, and F. D. Wilson. 1980. Use of glandless breeding stocks to evaluate unknown Heliothis growth inhibitors (X-factors) in cotton. Crop Sci. 20: 545-548. Texas race stocks with higher than expected resistance to tobacco budworm, based on flowerbud gossypol content (X-factors), were crossed to glandless lines. Glandless progenies were evaluated to determine whether the additional resistance was independent of the toxic compounds found in the pigment glands. Over 300 glandless F₃ lines failed to inhibit growth of tobacco budworm. The X-factor effect therefore was associated with the pigment glands and probably caused by (1) gossypol, (2) gossypol in synergy with related toxic compounds, (3) gossypol-related compounds that are more toxic than gossypol itself.

Shepherd, R. L. 1982. Genetic resistance and its residual effects for control of the root-knot nematode-fusarium wilt complex in cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 1151-1155. Two cultivars (Deltapine 16 and Auburn 56) and a nematode-resistant breeding line (Auburn 623 RNR) were grown in nematicide treatment vs. untreated plots for 3 years. Auburn 623 RNR without fumigation was more effective for controlling root-knot nematodes than Auburn 56 and Deltapine 16 with fumigation for controlling fusarium wilt disease. Susceptible Stoneville 213 was grown the fourth year of the test. Plots that were previously planted to Auburn 623 RNR produced higher lint yield and lower nematode populations than those previously planted to Deltapine 16 or Auburn 56.

Shepherd, R. L. 1983. Indices of resistance to root-knot nematodes for primitive race stocks of upland cotton. USDA-ARS ARM-S-33. None of 471 primitive race stocks evaluated for resistance to the root-knot nematode were as resistant as Auburn 634 RNR, but 18 were more resistant than Clevewilt-6, a strain of a resistant cultivar. A galling index and a reproductive index are given for the stocks evaluated.

Shepherd, R. L. 1983. New sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes among primitive cottons. Crop Sci. 23: 999-1002. Eighteen primitive race stocks were identified as being resistant to the root-knot nematode. Resistance was widely distributed among stocks of different races, indicating potential diversity of the resistant germplasm.

Shepherd, R. L. and A. J. Kappelman. 1986. Cotton resistance to the root-knot-fusarium-wilt complex. I. Relation to fusarium wilt resistance and its implications on breeding for resistance. Crop Sci. 26: 228-232. Results indicated that stem vascular resistance to fusarium wilt (FW) was probably independent of any mechanism of resistance that might have prevented fungal invasion of the vascular system. Evidence presented indicated a low probability of success would be expected for developing cultivars with high field resistance to FW in the RKN-FW complex by either selecting for vascular resistance in the greenhouse or through field selection using present techniques.

Shepherd, R. L. 1986. Cotton resistance to the root-knot-fusarium-wilt complex. II. Relation to root-knot resistance and its implications on breeding for resistance. Crop Sci. 26: 233-237. Results indicated that cotton can be developed with genetic resistance to fusarium wilt (FW) independently of root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance. High field resistance to the RKN-FW complex depends on high-RKN resistance, and cultivars with high-RKN resistance probably would have adequate field resistance to this complex even if they were genetically susceptible to FW.

Shepherd, R. L. and M. G. Huck. 1989. Progression of root-knot nematode symptoms and infection of resistance and susceptible cottons. J. of Nematol. 21(2): 235-241. When exposed to root-knot nematodes, resistant A623 had faster radicle growth, fewer and smaller cracks in the root epidermis and cortex, fewer and smaller root galls, one-twelfth as many egg masses, and one-fourth as many eggs per egg mass as the susceptible, M-8. Root cracking, galling, and giant cell formation are major effects of root-knot nematode that may predispose cotton roots to pathogens resulting in synergistic interaction and diseases.

Shepherd, R. L., J. C. McCarty, Jr., W. L. Parrott, and J. N. Jenkins. 1988. Resistance of cotton cultivars and elite breeding lines to root-knot nematodes. Miss. Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. #158. 5 pp. Most of the presently grown cotton cultivars were susceptible to root-knot nematode reproduction. In comparison, the nematode was unable to reproduce enough to maintain its population level on resistant breeding lines.

daSilva, F. P., J. E. Endrizzi, and L. S. Stith. 1981. Genetic study of restoration of pollen fertility of cytoplasmic male-sterile cotton. Rev. Brasil. Genet. IV, 3: 411-426. Two methods were employed in the study of pollen fertility restoration for cytoplasmic male- sterile cotton. The conventional genetic study indicated that restoration of pollen fertility may be controlled by three genes, whereby fertility is restored when at least a single dominant allele is present at any two loci. Cytogenetic studies clearly indicated single gene inheritance. None of the tested chromosomes carried the restorer factors.

Smith, C. W. 1983. Registration of UArk1 and UArk2 early-maturing cotton germplasm. Crop Sci. 23: 1226-1227.

Smith C. W. 1983. Registration of UARK-1 and UARK-2 Early maturing cotton germplasm. Crop Sci 23: Germplasm registration.

Smith, C. W. 1988. Registration of 'Arkot 518' upland cotton cultivar. Crop Sci. 28: 190.

Smith, C. W. and A. Niles. 1988. Registration of 14 cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 28: 578-579.

Smith, C. W. and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of seven cotton germplasm lines adapted to the Coastal Bend of Texas. Crop Sci. 30: 1373.

Smith, C. W. and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of 10 improved-fiber-strength cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30: 1373-74.

Smith, C. W. and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of three cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30: 1372-1373.

Smith, C. W., M. F. Schuster, and G. A. Niles. 1990. Registration of 11 high-tannin germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30: 1374.

Smith C. W., M. F. Schuster, and G. A. Niles. 1990 Registration of 17 high-tannin cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 30: 1274-75.

Stanton, M. A. 1992. Evaluation of the Asiatic cottons. PhD. Dissertation, University of Arkansas. The accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System's Asiatic cotton collection were evaluated to provide mophological descriptors and evaluation data on selected pest resistances. Principal component analysis of morphological measurements on the accession separated the two species, but few infraspecific groupings were found. The racial classification of the Asiatic species is questioned. Ninety-five accessions evaluated for resistance to root-knot nematode ranged from susceptible to resistant compared to Auburn 634 and M-8. In vitro evaluations of 182 accessions for resistance to Heliothis virescens yielded 101 accessions with reduced larvae growth and 94 with reduced survival compared to a reference G. hirsutum cultivar. Two hundred accessions of Asiatic did not have resistance to seedling disease organisms Rhizoctonia and Pythium. In evaluations for resistance to thrips, 25 of 43 accessions were significantly better than Stoneville 506 in each of 3 years. Data on each accession are available in the NPGS Genetic Resources Information Network.

Stanton, M. A., J. McD Stewart, and N. P. Tugwell. 1992. Evaluation of Gossypium aboreum L. germplasm for resistance to thrips. GRACE: (in press). Forty-three accessions of G. arboreum were evaluated for resistance to thrips (Thysanoptera) with Stoneville 506 as control. Seedling damage was standardized to Stonville and ranked into quartiles by year. Four accessions ranked in the lowest quartile in all years and may be of value in a breeding program for resistance to thrips.

Stelly, D. M. 1990. Localization of the Le₂ locus of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). J. of Hered. 81: 193-197. Monotelodisomic tests were made to locate the Le₂ locus to an arm of chromosome 26. Segregation among the F₁S₁TC families indicated the Le₂ locus is located in the long arm of chromosome 26, or within 5 cM of the centromere in the short arm. The data also revealed that the Le₁Le₂^dav interaction caused necrosis more quickly than did the Le₂-Le₂^dav interaction. Estimates of differential emergence for F₁S₁TC seed genotypes were used to amend raw data in an unbiased manner, resulting in better fits to expected segregation ratios and increased homogeneity among families. The results lend credence to previous inferences that differential viability can cause non-Mendelian ratios among individual plants segregating for alleles of this hybrid lethality system, and also indicate that it should be possible to use TE26sh stocks to develop isolines differing at the Le₂ locus.

Stelly, D. M., D. W. Altman, R. J. Kohel, T. S. Rangan, and E. Commiskey. 1989. Cytogenetic abnormalities of cotton somaclones from callus cultures. Genome. 32: 762-770. The objective was to detemine whether cytogenetic variation contributes to somaclonal variation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., 2n = 4x = 52). Of 117 somaclones of cotton regenerated from 18-month-old callus cultures of 'SJ-2' and 'SJ-5' cultivars, 35 were analyzed for meiotic abnormalities. The population of somaclones was extremely varied in phenotype and fertility, both male and female. High frequencies of aneuploidy and tertiary monosomy indicate that cytogenetic anomalies are major source or somaclonal variation in cotton. It was hypothesized that primary cytogenetic events during cotton cell culture give rise to breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles, which subsequently give rise to secondary types of cytogenetic abnormalities.

Stelly, D. M., K. C. Kautz, and W. L. Rooney. 1990. Pollen fertility of some simple and compound translocations of cotton. Crop Sci. 39: 952-955. Pollen fertility levels of plants either homozygous (TT) or heterozygous (NT) were reported for 20 translocations, including 16 two-chromosome, 3 three-chromosome, and 1 four-chromosome translocations. Fertility ranged from 90 to nearly 100 percent for TT and from 52 to 81 percent for NT plants, indicating that TT and NT cytogenetic types in test-cross populations that are segregating for a single translocation should be distinguishable on the basis of pollen fertility. Thus, all 45 breakpoints of the screened translocations are of potential use as genetic markers. These and previously published results demonstrate collectively that all identified translocations of G. hirsutum are amenable to pollen analysis by fluorescene microscopy, even though the species is disomic tetraploid.

Stelly, D. M., J. A. Lee, and W. L. Rooney. 1988. Proposed schemes for mass-extraction of doubled haploids of cotton. Crop Sci. 28: 885-890. Development of a system for mass-extraction from cotton was proposed. Three steps are involved: (1) synthesis of hybrid-eliminating, haploid-inducing (HEHP) lines and populations homozygous for the Le₂^dav hybrid lethality allele and the Se allele for semigamous reproduction; (2) cross pollination of HEHP plants with pollen of normal cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) to form inviable true hybrids, but viable haploids; and (3) bulk treatment of all seed or young viable seedlings with cohchicine to recover doubled haploids en masse.

Stelly, D. M. and W. L. Rooney. 1989. Delimination of the Le₂^dav complementary lethality system of Gossypium to intracellular interaction. J. of Hered. 80: 100-103. The basis of hybrid necrosis and lethality in cotton (Gossypium spp.) caused by interactions of Le₂^dav with Le₁ and Le₂ was investigated with regard to the possible roles of intracellular and intercellular genetic interactions in eliciting the hybrid necrosis. Seedlings chimeric for sectors bearing the complementary hybrid lethality factors Le₂ vs. Le₁Le₂ were derived by crossing facultatively apomictic (semigamy) Se-sesele₁le₁Le₂Le₂ ovule parents with nonapomictic pollen parents of the genotype sesele₁le₁Le₂ ^davLe₂^dav. Patterns of necrosis in F₁ haploid, and chimeric progenies indicated that events underlying the hybrid lethality reaction are mediated via intracellular interactions and intercellular diffusates are not involved.

Stewart, J. McD. 1981. In vitro fertilization and embryo rescue. Environ. Expt. Bot. 21: 301-315. A review of In vitro fertilization and embryo rescue. In vitro fertilization of cotton ovules is reported for the first time. Also, the following hybrids between Gossypium species are reported for the first time: G. herbaceum x G. armourianum, G. herbaceum x G. somalense, G. herbaceum x G. harknessii, G. herbaceum x G. longicalyx, G. arboreum x G. armourianum, G. arboreum x G. somalense, G. arboreum x G. harknessii, G. arboreum x G. longicalyx, G. arboreum x G.tomentosum, G. arboreum x G. mustelinum, G. hirsutum x G. somalense, G. hirsutum x G. bickii, G. barbadense x G. australe.

Stewart, J. McD. 1982. Habitats of the wild Gossypium species of Australia. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 76. A Gossypium germplasm collections trip was conducted in Australia during September 1981. Observations are recorded on the ecological niches and other features on 10 of the 11 indigenous species recognized at that time.

Stewart, J. McD. 1987. Cotton germplasm and biotechnology research. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES, pp. 17-19. An overview is given of a new cotton germplasm and biotechnology research program at Arkansas. Elements of the program include germplasm maintenance, evaluation, and enhancement of selected traits and species from the Gossypium germplasm pool. Ovule culture and genetic engineering with Agrobacterium are emphasized in the area biotechnology.

Stewart, J. McD. 1988. Biotechnology and germplasm improvement. Ark. Farm Res. 37(4): 6. An overview is given of a new cotton germplasm and biotechnology research program at Arkansas. Elements of the program include germplasm maintenance, evaluation, and enhancement of selected traits and species from the Gossypium germplasm pool. Ovule culture and genetic engineering with Agrobacterium are emphasized in the area biotechnology.

Stewart, J. McD. 1988. Update on the taxonomy of Gossypium. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 95-97. The taxonomy of the Gossypium genus is discussed in relation to germplasm utilization. The new species, realignments and recombinations of the various taxa are presented as they are currently recognized. A list of the subgenera, sections, subsections, and species with authorities as of 1988 is included.

Stewart, J. McD. 1989. Cotton germplasm work at the University of Arkansas. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report 138, pp. 75-79. The various germplasm pools available for cotton improvement are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the germplasm resources held at the University of Arkansas. Brief mention is given to the various resistance screens and germplasm enhancement efforts that are being pursued at Arkansas.

Stewart, J. McD. 1990. New cytoplasms for cotton. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report 144, pp. 55-58. Research strategies and results on the introgression of new cytoplasms into cotton are presented. The cytoplasms of G. mustelinum, G. darwinii, G. sturtianum, G. trilobum, and G. davidsonii are introgressed into the nuclear background of G. barbadense carrying the semigamy trait.

Stewart, J. McD. 1990. The role of genetic engineering in crop pest control. Ark. Farm Res. 39(3): 10. The potential of genetic engineering in the control of crop pests is discussed. It is now possible to engineer plants that produce toxins, repellents, or other compounds that aid in pest control.

Stewart, J. McD. 1991. Biotechnological advances in cotton. Proc. 1991 Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report 149, pp. 77-82. An update is presented on the commercialization of biotechnology in cotton, including the Bt cottons and herbicide resistant lines.

Stewart, J. McD. 1991. Biotechnology of cotton: achievements and perspectives. ICAC Review Articles on Cotton Production Res. No. 3. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 54 pp. An extensive review of the advances of biotechnology in cotton with treatments of work that is currently in progress. A broad definition of biotechnology is taken to include biological control, tissue culture, and molecular genetics. A summary of the principles and tools of tissue and molecular biology is presented for the lay reader. The review ends with a discussion of the social and regulatory aspects of genetic engineering.

Stewart, J. McD. 1992. Germplasm resources and enhancement strategies for disease resistance. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. pp. 1323-1325. The germplasm resources that make up the primary, secondary, and tertiary genetic pools for cotton improvement are described. For each pool strategies are presented for efficiently introgressing traits into agronomically acceptable breeding lines.

Stewart, J. McD. 1992. A new cytoplasmic male-sterile and restorer for cotton. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report. pp. 50-53. A new cytoplasmic male-sterile and restorer system based on the cytoplasm of G. trilobum in upland cotton is described. The system is unique in that the restorer factor does not give phenotypic segregate in F₂ or F₃ generations. These populations are basically fertile until crossed with a non-restoring (B) line, wherein male-sterile and male-fertile plants result.

Stewart, J. McD., L. A. Craven, and P. A. Fryxell. 1987. Gossypium germplasm from Australia. FAO/IBPGR Plant Genet. Resources Newsl. 69: 44-47. A report of a germplasm collecting expedition to Australia in 1985 and an account of the accessions of germplasm obtained of Gossypium and other plants.

Stewart, J. McD. and S. L. Cunningham. 1985. Two new Gossypium species from Western Australia. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 73-74. Two new species were recognized from germplasm collected in Australia. The suggested specific names, G. fryxelli and G. binatum, were presented without formal descriptions, hence are nominea nudea. The two species are now formally recognized as G. nobile, and G. londonderriense, respectively.

Stewart, J. McD. and G. Felton. 1991\2. Host plant resistance - the first line of defense. Ark. Farm Res. 41(4): 8-9. Host plant resistance to pests relies on a number of different mechanisms including production of proteins and enzymes that have an antinutritional effect on insects. Accumulation of a variety of these in a single line, either by breeding techniques or genetic engineering, will increase the resistance of the crop to the affected pests and decrease the need for other control measures.

Stewart, J. McD., P. A. Fryxell, and L. A. Craven. 1987. Recognition and distribution of Gossypium nelsonii. Brunonia 10: 215-218. Gossypium nelsonii and G. australe have sometimes been confused. Field observations from central Australia are reported on these two species, clearly distinguishing them morphologically and distributionally.

Stewart, J. McD., A. E. Percival, A. Miranda, E. C. Freier, and J. A. Moreira. 1989. Cotton germplasm collection in Brazil. Proc. Beltwide Cott. Prod. Res. Conf., Abst. p. 135. A cotton plant exploration was conducted in northeast Brazil to collect seeds of "Moco" cotton cultivars and the wild endemic tetraploid species Gossupium mustelinum Miers ex Watt.

Stewart, J. McD., A. E. Percival, L. Perez S., and E. A. Garcia C. 1991. Collection of wild Gossypium spp. from NW Mexico and Baja, California. Agron. Abs. p. 209. A cotton exploration to northeast Mexico was successful in obtaining seeds of Gossypium hirsutum L., G. thurberi Tod., G. armourianum Kearn., G. harknessii Brandeg., G. davidsonii, Watt, and G. turneri Fryxell. An extensive location where G.aridum Skov. is endemic was also determined.

Stewart, J. M., A. E. Percival, and M. A. Stanton. 1987. Verification of the U.S. Asiatic Cotton Germplasm Collection. Agron. Abs. p. 112. A screening, for proper identification, of the Asiatic diploid cottons Gossupium herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L. in the collection.

Stewart, J. McD. and M. A. Stanton. 1988. Screening for resistance in the Asiatic cottons. Proc. Cotton Res. Meeting. AAES Special Report 132. A program to screen for genetic resistances among the Asiatic cotton germplasm accessions is described. Resistances are being sought for Heliothis, root-knot nematode, seedling disease organisms, thrips, plant bugs, and boll weevils.

Stringer, S. J. and J. E. Jones. 1985. Field resistance to Heliothis species in cotton strains with genetically differing resistance backgrounds. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 388-390. Bollworm/tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) damage in 15 experimental strains was compared with the susceptible cultivars, Stoneville 213 and Deltapine 41, and four BW/TBW-resistant strains. Resistance traits in the study included high flower bud gossypol gland density, yellow pollen, nectariless, glabrous, "Q source," and "X-factor." All experimental and resistant strains except PD 8619 ("Q source") had significantly less fruit damage than the susceptible check cultivars; all but three had fewer live larvae in squares than the susceptible cultivars. In a related study, near isogeneic strains possessing different alleles for red pigmentation showed little or no BW/TBW resistance compared to the Stoneville 213 check.

Turcotte, E. L. 1986. Round leaf-3 mutant in American Pima cotton. J. Hered. 77: 364-366. An incomplete leaf trait is described. Heterozygous plants express several characteristics including small, yellow-green and waxy leaves that are often rounded, modified narrow bracts, and normal branches arising from low mainstem nodes. Homozygous dominant plants express an extreme phenotype and they rarely shed pollen, making them functionally lethal. The name Round leaf-3 and the gene symbol Rl₃ is assigned to the mutant. Linkage tests between Rl₃ and 23 other Gossypium mutant genes were negative.

Turcotte, E. L. 1987. Inheritance of a second wrinkled leaf mutant in American Pima cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 702-704. A monogenic recessive wrinkled mutant is described. The mutant expresses on successive leaves beginning with the first sympodial branch produced from nodes 6 through 8 on field-grown plants. The wrinkled leaf trait was not allelic with three other leaf mutant genes nor was it linked with 22 Gossypium mutant genes. The name wrinkled leaf-2 and the gene symbol wr₂ are assigned to the mutant.

Turcotte, E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1982. Doubled haploids of American Pima cotton. USDA- ARS-ARM-W- 32.22 p. Five boll and six fiber properties were described for 234 doubled haploids of American Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). These doubled haploids were derived from 48 germplasm sources. Each doubled haploid was uniform within, but varied extensively among, genotypes for boll and fiber properties. The complete homozygosity of doubled haploids had no apparent deleterious effects on seedling vigor and plant growth; however, with few exceptions the fiber properties of doubled haploids were inferior to standards in at least one property.

Turcotte, E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1983. Inheritance of a golden veins mutant in American Pima cotton. J. Hered. 74: 213-214. An incompletely dominant mutant that is characterized by golden-colored leaf veins and glossy leaf appearance is described. Homozygous dominant plants are extremely dwarfed and do not flower. The name golden veins and the gene symbol Gv are assigned to the mutant. Linkage tests between Gv and 20 Gossypium mutant genes were negative.

Turcotte, E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1985. Inheritance of male-sterile mutant Ms₁₂ in American Pima cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 688-690. A dominant male-sterile mutant is described and assigned the name Male-sterile 12 and the gene symbol Ms₁₂ and other genetic male-steriles in cotton are discussed.

Turcotte, E. L. and C. V. Feaster. 1985. Notice to plant breeders and geneticists relative to release of five non-commercial germplasm lines of Pima cotton. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Stn. and USDA Memo. 3p. and Registration of five American Pima cotton germplasm lines (Reg. No. GP-255 to GP-259). Crop Sci. 26: 206. 1986. Five germplasm lines of Gossypium barbadense L. incorporating the genetic traits okra leaf, fertility restoration, frego bract, glandless, and nectariless into Pima backgrounds were released.

Turcotte, E. L., C. V. Feaster, and E. F. Young, Jr. 1989. Notice to plant breeders and geneticists relative to release of six non-commercial germplasm lines of Pima cotton. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Stn. and USDA Memo. 5 p. and Registration of six American Pima cotton germplasm lines. (Reg. No. GP-479 to GP-484). Crop Sci. 31: 495. 1991. Six germplasm lines of Pima cotton, P45, P51, P53, P62, P66, and E15, representing a range of yield potential, plant height, earliness, tolerance to heat stress, boll and fiber properties, and spinning performance were released.

Turcotte, E. L. and R. G. Percy. 1988. Inheritance of a second virsescent mutant in American Pima cotton. Crop Sci . 28: 1018-1019. A monogenic recessive virsescent mutant is described. Genetic studies showed that the virsescent trait is not linked with 22 Gossypium mutant genes or allelic with v₇ in G. barbadense or allelic with v₇ in G. barbadense L. or v₁ and v₂ in G. hirsutum L. The name virsescent-21 and the gene symbol v₂₁ are assigned to the mutant.

Turcotte, E. L. and R. G. Percy. 1990. The genetics of kidney-seed in Gossypium barbadense L. Crop Sci. 30: 384-386. Kidney seed cottons are a distinctive type in which the seeds of each locule are conjoined into a single kidney-shaped mass. Genetic studies of kidney seed showed that it is inherited as a monogenic recessive, and that it is not linked with 21 Gossypium mutant genes. The gene symbol k was assigned to the kidney seed trait. Several kidney cottons in the G. barbadense germplasm collection are characterized by a complex of traits and are known collectively as G. barbadense var. braziliense. The present study expanded the trait complex associated with braziliense.

Turcotte, E. L., R. G. Percy, and Carl V. Feaster. 1991. Notice of release of a commercial variety of American Pima cotton, 'Pima S-7.' USDA and Ariz. Agric. Exp. Stn. Memo. 3 p. and Registration of 'Pima S-7' American Pima cotton. (Reg. No. CV-101, PI560140). Crop Sci. 32: 1291. 1992. The advantages of Pima S-7 over Pima S-6 are earlier maturity, greater heat tolerance, higher yield potential at low and intermediate elevations, and earliness at high elevations of the Pima cotton belt. Also, Pima S-7 is slightly longer, 6 percent stronger, and has slightly finer fiber. In processing, Pima S-7 gives 6 percent stronger yarns than Pima S-6.

Umbeck, P. F., K. A. Barton, E. V. Nordheim, J. C. McCarty, Jr., W. L. Parrott, and J. N. Jenkins. 1991. Degree of pollen dispersal by insects from a field test of genetically engineered cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 84: 1943-1950. This investigation was to evaluate the biosafety procedures used to reduce pollen movement in plots of transgenic cotton grown at Mississippi State, MS, in 1989. Plots were surrounded by 24 border rows and pollen transfer to these was measured. Outcrossing went from 5 to less than 1 percent by 7 meters away from the test plot. A low level of pollen dispersal of less than 1 percent continued to occur sporadically in the remaining border rows out to a distance of 25 meters. Border rows fulfilled their purpose of serving as a pollen sink to reduce pollen dissemination from the test plot.

Umbeck, P. F. and J. McD. Stewart. 1985. Substitution of cotton cytoplasm from wild diploid species for cotton germplasm improvement. Crop Sci. 25: 1015-1019. A program to introgress the cytoplasms of wild Gossypium species into cultivated cotton is introduced. Gibberellic acid and embryo rescue are used to recover initial interspecific hybrids. Fertilization and embryo development are strongly dependent on the pollen donor. The degree of hybrid embryo development is more important than size or chronological age in obtaining seedlings. The following hybrids are reported D₈ x AD₁; E₁ x AD₁; E₁ x A₂; E₂ x A₂. Chromosome associations at meiosis in these hybrids agreed with published reports for the reciprocal hybrids, so cytoplasm does not have a major effect on chromosome pairing.

Verhalen, L. M. and J. C. Banks. 1989. Cotton classing in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Coop. Ext. Serv. Current Rep. CR-2107. The purpose of cotton classing and the methods used to accomplish it are described in this publication. The factors on the class card (including grade, grade remarks, color, trash, fiber length, uniformity, micronaire, and fiber strength) are discussed as to their interpretation and their importance in the manufacturing process.

Verhalen, L. M., M. B. Bayles, and N. B. Thomas. 1984. Cotton varieties for Oklahoma: A short-season environment. Proc. Western Cotton Prod. Conf. pp. 8-15. This paper describes the historical importance of cotton production in Oklahoma up to 1984 and the environmental limitations (biotic and abiotic) to that production in the state. The evaluation of cotton cultivars to cope with those limitations in the short-term is discussed. The breeding and genetics of cotton to cope with those limitations in the long-term is also presented.

Verhalen, L. M., R. W. Foraker, R. K. Bowman, R. W. Thacker, B. E. Greenhagen, and R. W. McNew. 1992. Cultivar by planting date by year interaction study for irrigated cotton in Oklahoma. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf. p. 612. (Abstr.) These experiments included two cultivars (a stripper and a picker type), seven planting dates/year, and 5 years at one location. Cultivar (C) by planting date (PD) by year (Y) interactions comprised 5.2 percent of the total variation for fiber strength and less than 2 percent for all other traits. The C by Y and PD by Y components generally totaled less than 30 percent of the total variation, except for lint yield where the PD by Y component comprised 41.4 percent and was the major component. The C by PD interaction was significant only for fiber length. Response trends over PD (over Y and C) were quadratic for lint yield; linear for lint percentages and for micronaire; and nonsignificant for uniformity index and fiber strength. Those trends over PD (over Y) for fiber length by cultivars were quadratic in three of four cases. Maximum lint yields were obtained for the 2-week time interval including PDs 3 and 4 (May 15 and 22). Expanding that interval to include PDs 2 (May 8) and 5 (May 29) lowered lint yield in those weeks by 4 and 5 percent, respectively. Expanding that interval to include PDs 1 (May 1) and 6 (June 8) lowered lint yield in those weeks (from the maximum) by 13 and 16 percent, respectively. Expanding that interval to include PD 7 (June 15) lowered lint yield by 30 percent relative to dates 3 and 4. Examining lint yield in individual years showed that extremely early planting was advantageous in 1 year, ambiguous in 2, and disadvantageous in 2 others

Waddle, B. A. 1982. The present state of the art and science of plant breeding for variety-environment interactions. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 125-128. Genotype by location of year interactions prevents universal adaptation by a given variety. Interaction have been progressively reduced at the major breeding centers by the use of broadly based testing sites over multiple years and by a policy to stay close to a proven phenotype in all progeny selections. Short season cottons and stormproof types are spin-offs from genotype-cultural practice interactions. The existence of genotype by environment interactions in the germplasm pool is the feed stock supporting the capacity to change phenotypes.

Wallace, T. P. and K. M. El-Zik. 1989. Inheritance of resistance in three cotton cultivars to the HV1 isolate of bacterial blight. Crop Science 29: 1114-1119. The inheritance of resistance to a new isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum, designated as HV1, in cotton cultivars 'S295,' 'Tamcot CAMD-E,' and 'Stoneville 825' was investigated. Cotyledons and true leaves were wound inoculated with the pathogen and graded for disease reaction on a scale of 1 to 10. Parental, F₁, F₂ and backcross progenies indicated resistance was inherited as a single gene with complete dominance for resistance. Progenies resistant to the HV1 isolate were also resistant to a mixture of U.S.A. races. The gene for resistance to HV1 in cultivar S295 was designated as B₁₂.

Wallace, T. P. and K. M. El-Zik. 1990. Quantitative analysis of resistance in cotton to three new isolates of the bacterial blight pathogen. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 443-448. The inheritance of resistance in three cotton cultivars to three new isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum designated as HV3, HV7, and Sudan were investigated by inoculating parents, F₁font size="-1">₂'s, BC₁F₁ and BC₂F₁ with each isolate using the toothpick scratch method. Generation means analysis of progenies indicated that dominance, when significant, was in the direction of resistance. Digenic interaction components indicated a duplicate type. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.59 to 0.68.

Wallace, T.P. and K.M. El-Zik. 1992. Reaction of three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars to single and mixed isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. Plant Path. 41: 569-572. Resistant and susceptible cotton cultivars were inoculated with four African isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum and the USA race 18. Each isolate was used as a single inoculum and in mixtures with other isolates. Plants were wound inoculated at both the cotyledon stage and true leaf growth stage and evaluated 15 days later for disease reaction on a scale of 1 to 10. When the most virulent isolate (HV1) was mixed with any other isolate, disease grades were greatly reduced. The efficiency of selection for germplasm resistant to bacterial blight may be reduced if the most virulent isolate is included in an inoculum mixture.

Waller, G. D., F. D. Wilson, and J. H. Martin. 1981. Influence of cotton phenotype, season, and time-of-day on nectar production. Crop Sci. 21: 507-511. Twenty-five cultivars and breeding stocks of upland cotton and two cultivars of Pima cotton were studied for diurnal and seasonal patterns of floral nectar production. Nectar secretion began at 0800 hours and increased linearly to 1700 hours when the flowers closed. Sugar amounts (approximately 25 µl nectar/flower during mid-season) and concentrations (approximately 20 percent mid-day) in upland cotton were similar for all 25 entries. Sugar amounts were almost three times; higher in the Pima cultivars. Honeybee visits were negligible to all entries, even though 10 honeybee colonies per hectare were provided.

Wells, R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1984. Comparative growth of obsolete and modern cotton cultivars. I. Vegetative dry matter partitioning. Crop Sci. 24: 858-862. Old cultivars (released before 1920) partitioned more dry matter into stems than modern cultivars. Old cultivars tended to have higher leaf area indexes and light interception values than many of the modern cultivars. Net assimilation rates were not higher in newer cultivars.

Wells, R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1984. Comparative growth of obsolete and modern cotton cultivars. II. Reproductive dry matter partitioning. Crop Sci. 24: 863-868. Modern cultivars produced a greater proportion of their squares and flowers earlier than obsolete cultivars. Modern cultivars appear to produce a larger lint yield by two major processes. The first is greater partitioning of dry matter to reproductive organs. The second is an increased amount of reproductive development occurring when maximal leaf mass and area are present.

Wells, R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1984. Comparative growth of obsolete and modern cotton cultivars. III. Relationships of yield to observed growth characteristics. Crop Sci. 24: 868- 872. The largest contribution to yield variation was the number of bolls produced. Modern cultivars produced a greater proportion of their total lint and boll number before 135 days after planting than did obsolete cultivars. Earlier production of modern cultivars is associated with smaller vegetative plant canopies and an earlier transition to reproductive growth. Modern cultivars exhibited smaller boll weights and a greater lint percentage than obsolete cultivars. Fiber quality, with the exception of increased micronaire, showed little improvement due to plant breeding.

Wells, R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1986. Heterosis in upland cotton. I. Growth and leaf area partitioning. Crop Sci. 26: 1119-1123. Four established upland cotton cultivars and their six F₁ hybrids were monitored in three environments. Total biomass was greater in hybrids than their parents in all environments. Growth analysis showed that heterosis greatly affected early development of the hybrids. Similar leaf area partitioning occurred in the parents and F₁'s. Hybrids produced greater leaf area index resulting from greater net assimilation rates in early crop development.

Wells, R. and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1986. Normal vs. okra-leaf yield interactions in cotton. II. Analysis of vegetative and reproductive growth. Crop Sci. 26: 223-228. Four paired near-isogenic okra-leaf and normal leaf lines were planted in replicated trials on two planting dates in 1983 at Stoneville, MS. Two strains had superior lint yield by the normal leaf sib, while two others had superior lint yield by the okra-leaf sib. 'Stoneville 213' normal leaf was superior in yield to its BC₅ okra-leaf near-isoline. Except for plant height, the parameters of vegetative and reproductive growth showed no significant leaf type x strain, or leaf type x strain x harvest date (maturity) interactions. Okra leaf produced leaf area that was 26 and 49 percent smaller than those produced by normal leaf line for the April and May planting dates, respectively. This disparity was partially offset by the production of more leaves by the okra entries in the earlier but not later planting. The maximum potential of cottons with okra leaves remain unclear, because of the large leaf type x environmental interactions.

Wells, R., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1986. Canopy photosynthesis and its relationship to plant productivity in near-isogenic cotton lines differing in leaf morphology. Plant Physiol. 82: 635-640. Near-isogenic lines of MD65-11 of normal, sub-okra, okra, and super okra were compared in a 2-year study at Stoneville, MS. The F₁ and F₂ populations of normal x okra leaf were also grown in these studies. Integrated canopy photosynthesis (ICAP) was significantly associated with light interception with averages of 36.3, 38.9, 32.7, 23.9, 38.5, and 36.5 ICAP relative units for normal, sub-okra, okra, super okra, F₁ and F₂ lines, respectively. Lint production was positively related to ICAP (R² = 0.53).

Wells, R., W. R. Meredith, Jr., and J. R. Williford. 1988. Heterosis in upland Cotton. II. Relationship of leaf area to plant photosynthesis. Crop Sci. 28: 522-525. Three established cultivars and their three F₁ hybrids were examined in two field environments. Hybrid progeny had significantly greater leaf area index and canopy photosynthesis rates in both environments during the earlier plant growth stages. Hybrids and their parents showed no differences in single leaf apparent photosynthesis (AP). Total dry weight was significantly correlated with leaf area index (r = 0.85**). Early AP per plant was significantly associated with leaf area per plant. Later in development, this association weakened. The data indicate that hybrids produced generally bigger plants that intercepted more light than their parents, and have had increased photosynthesis rates on a per-plant basis. Factors that affect early plant growth can result in associated changes in AP per plant and accentuate the need for prudent crop management during early development.

Wendel, J. F., C. L. Brubaker, and A. E. Percival. 1992. Genetic diversity in Gossypium hirsutum and the origin of Upland cotton. Amer. J. Bot. 79(11): 1291-1310. This study was conducted to assess levels and patterns of genetic variation in the species and to elucidate the origin of upland cotton. Five hundred and thirty eight accessions representing the full spectrum of morphological and geographical diversity were analyzed for allozyme variation at 50 loci.

Wendel, J. F., P. D. Olson, and J. McD. Stewart. 1989. Genetic diversity, introgression, and independent domestication of old world cultivated cottons. Amer. J. Bot. 76: 1797-1808. One hundred three accessions of G. arboreum and 31 accessions of G. herbaceum were examined for allelic variation at 40 allozyme loci. G arboreum possesses greater diversity than G. herbaceum, although both have low allozyme variation. Contrary to expectations, the two species are highly differentiated with respect to allozyme composition. The authors suggest that a significant portion of the allelic diversity in both species results from historical, bidirectional interspecific introgression. Because the genetic identity\y estimate (0.74) is markedly lower than for documented progenitor-derivative and crop-ancestor species pair, and because of other cytogenetic and genetic data, the cultivated G. arboreum and G. herbaceum appear to be independently domesticated from divergent ancestors.

Wendel, J. F. and A. E. Percival. 1990. Molecular divergence in the Galapagos Islands - Baja California species pair, Gossupium klotzschianum and G. davidsonii. Pl. Syst. Evol. 171, 99-115. Molecular divergence between Gossupium davidsonii Andress., and G. klotzschianum Kell. was studied. Genetic and taxonomic data suggests that these two species are related as progenitor and derivative respectively.

Wendel, J. F. and R. G. Percy. 1990. Allozyme diversity and introgression in the Galapagos Islands endemic Gossypium darwinii and its relationship to continental G. barbadense. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 18: 517-528. Allozyme analysis was performed on 58 accessions collected on six islands of the Galapagos archipelago to determine the diversity and species status of G. darwinii. Levels of variation were high for an island endemic, and may have resulted from interspecific gene flow from introduced G. barbadense. Levels of introgression corresponded with levels of human habitation and activity on the six islands. It is suggested that the specific rank for G. darwiniiis warranted.

Wendell, J. F., J. McD. Stewart, and J. H. Rettig. 1990. Molecular evidence for the origin of Gossypium bickii via homoploid reticulation. Evolution 45: 694-711. Cladistic analysis of maternally inherited cpDNA restriction site mutations unite G. bickii with G. sturtianum, even though these two are in different taxanomic sections. Phylogenetic analysis of allozyme markers and restriction site mutations in nuclear ribosomal DNA indicate that G. bickii shares a more common ancestor with G. australe and G. nelsonii than it does with G. sturtianum. The discrepancy between independent molecular phylogenies indicates a biphyletic ancestry of G. bickii. This example, and others in Gossypium, attests to the evolutionary possibility of interspecific cytoplasmic transfer, and perhaps the origin of diploid species via reticulate speciation. This is an example of natural cytoplasmic introgression without long-term survival of nuclear genes from the maternal progenitor.

Wharton, T. F., J. N. Jenkins, J. C. McCarty, Jr., and W. L. Parrott. Productivity and tobacco budworm resistance of cotton developed between 1890 and 1986. Crop Sci. 31: 29-32. 1991. Describes results of field evaluation for tobacco budworm resistance of selected cultivars developed between 1895 and 1986. For every kilogram of lint yield increase due to breeding during the 96-year period, there was a corresponding lint yield increase under high infestations of tobacco budworm of only 0.69 kg of lint.

White, W. H., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., McCarty, J. C., Jr., Collum, D. H. and Hedin, P. A. 1982. Generation mean analyses of various allelochemics in cottons. Crop Sci. 22:1046-1049. This research determined the inheritance of putative allelochemicals for resistance to tobacco budworm. The high degree of additive gene action for condensed tannins, a flavonoid-anthocyanin mixture, gossypol as measured by the CHEA test, and total phenolics indicate that it should be possible to fix and select for increased levels of these compounds.

White, W. H., Jenkins, J. N., Parrott, W. L., McCarty, J. C., Jr., Collum, D. H. and Hedin, P. A. 1982. Strain and within-season variability of various allelochemics within a diverse group of cottons. Crop Sci. 22: 1235-1238. Genetic and environmental interactions were studied for putative allelochemicals conferring resistance to tobacco budworm. Those in the study were total phenolics, gossypol and its analogs, a flavonoid-anthocyanin mixture, and condensed tannins as measured by three methods. The results suggest that differences in levels of these allelochemicals are inherited and that genetic effects among cotton strains should be manageable in breeding programs.

Williford, J. R., S. T. Rayburn, and W. R. Meredith, Jr. 1986. Evaluation of a 76-cm row for cotton production. Transactions of the ASAE. 29(6): 1544-1548. Field studies in 1982, 1983, and 1984 were conducted to study the effects of year, soil type, irrigation, variety, and row spacing. In 1982, five cultivars produced more lint on 76-cm rows than in 102-cm rows, when all were irrigated. Without irrigation, all eight varieties produced more lint on 102-cm rows.

Wilson, F. D. 1980. Cotton cultivars resistant to the pink bollworm. p. 46-51 in Graham, H. M. (ed.) Pink bollworm control in the western United States. USDA-ARS-ARM-W-16. List of the cotton cultivars that showed reduced seed damage caused by pink bollworm when grown in insecticide-free plots at Phoenix and Tempe, Arizona.

Wilson, F. D. 1982. Present state of the art and science of cotton breeding for insect resistance in the West. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 111-117. Future cotton cultivars for irrigated areas of the West may be quite different from the full- season cultivars favored by growers for many years. Cottons that combine a high level of insect resistance with acceptable fiber yield and quality will be of great value to western growers.

Wilson, F. D. 1983. The taxonomic status of Hibiscus berberidifolius A. Rich. (Malvaceae). Brittonia 35: 175-179. Hibiscus berberidifolius is the right name to be applied to this perennial species that occurs in the mountains associated with the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa.

Wilson, F. D. 1985. A genetic study of the number of involucral bract teeth in cotton. Crop Sci. 25: 32-34. A primitive race stock of cotton, Texas 207, had many more bract teeth than did the cultivar Stoneville 7A. Genetic studies suggested that those two parents differed by at least three pairs of genes that acted additively in concert. Narrow-sense heritability was 46 percent.

Wilson, F. D. 1986. Inheritance of ephemeral leaf mutant in upland cotton. Crop Sci. 26: 498- 500. The gene ep, inherited as a monofactorial recessive, conditions a developmental mutant that results in misshapen leaves from about stem nodes 6 to 18. The ep gene is not allelic to, nor closely linked to veins-fused (vf) or to strap (s).

Wilson, F. D. 1986. Pink bollworm resistance, lint yield, and lint yield components of okra-leaf cotton in different genetic backgrounds. Crop Sci. 26: 1164-1167. Okra-leaf in seven different cultivar backgrounds were compared with their normal-leaf counterparts. Okra-leaf in some genetic backgrounds showed a modest level of resistance to pink bollworm and yielded as much lint as their normal-leaf cultivars. However, the inconsistent response of some okra-leaf lines emphasizes the importance of comparing them with their normal-leaf cultivars over a range of environments.

Wilson, F. D. 1986. Registration of seven cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 26: 206-207. Seven lines, carrying nectariless, smoothleaf, and okra leaf and their normal counterparts in all possible combinations, were transferred into AET-5 background.

Wilson, F. D. 1987. Inheritance of pink filament in cotton. J. Hered. 78: 223-224. Pink filament is conditioned by two incompletely dominant gene pairs, designated, Pf₁ and Pf₂. Pink filament is expressed only when petal spot, conditioned by R₂, is present.

Wilson, F. D. 1987. Pink bollworm resistance, lint yield, and earliness of cotton isolines in a resistant genetic background. Crop Sci. 27: 957-960. The pink-bollworm resistant line AET-5 had significantly less pink bollworm damage than the control cultivar, Deltapine 61. AET-5N (nectariless), AET-5L (okra leaf), AET-5NL, and AET-5NSL (S =Smoothleaf) isolines all had less damage than did AET-5 itself. However, AET-5S, AET-5NS, and AET-5SL did not have less damage than AET-5. Also, AET-5NL unexpectedly did not have less damage than AET-5N or AET-5L. All lines carrying S yielded less lint, and were later maturing than those that did not carry S. Thus, nectariless and okra leaf were valuable pink-bollworm resistant traits, while Smoothleaf was not.

Wilson, F. D. 1987. Projections on the prospects of host-plant resistance in fiber crops. p. 523- 525 in Magallona, E. D. (ed.) Proc. 11th Intern. Congr. Plant Prot., 5-9 Oct. 1987, Manila, Philippines. A review of the present state of host-plant resistance research on fiber crops, significant research accomplishments and breakthroughs, and the actions needed to take advantage of those accomplishments and breakthroughs, particularly by scientists with limited resources.

Wilson, F. D. 1987. Registration of three cotton germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 27: 820-821. WC-10NL, WC-11NSSL, and WC-12NL are cotton germplasm lines that combine the pink-bollworm-resistant traits nectariless (N) and okra leaf (L) in improved agronomic backgrounds.

Wilson, F. D. 1989. Inheritance of undulate leaf mutant of upland cotton. J. Hered. 80: 482- 483. The undulate leaf mutant is so named because leaves have undulate margins. They also have a light-green color as a result of reduced chlorophyll content. The mutant expression is conditioned by a recessive gene, designated ul. This gene is not allelic to 10 other leaf shape genes.

Wilson, F. D. 1989. Yield, earliness, and fiber properties of cotton carrying combined traits for pink bollworm resistance. Crop Sci. 29: 7-12. A series of germplasm lines carrying various combinations of nectariless (N), semi-smoothleaf (SS), and okra leaf (L), were compared with nectaried, normal-leaf cultivars. All N, NL, NSS, and NSSL lines sustained less seed damage caused by pink bollworm and most were equal in lint yield and earliness. Some were equal and some were deficient in fiber properties.

Wilson, F. D. 1990. Relative resistance of cotton lines to pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 30: 500-504. In a series of diallel and generation-mean experiments, the amount of seed damage caused by pink bollworm to 13 cotton lines and several series of F₁ hybrids was compared with damage done to the resistant control line AET-5. Only Stoneville 7A okra leaf equalled the level of resistance shown by AET-5, and T39C-1-L was inconsistent over two seasons. No F₁ hybrid had lower seed damage than that of the lowest parent.

Wilson, F. D. 1991. Combining ability for yield, yield components, and earliness of cotton with resistance to pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 31: 922-925. Only T39C-1-L, a pink-bollworm resistant germplasm line (among four lines that were evaluated), equalled the control cultivar, Stoneville 825, in yield but it was later in maturity. Both T39C-1-L and Stoneville 825 showed significant general combining ability for high lint yield and bolls per plant. Stoneville 825 achieved its high yield by producing many relatively small bolls while T39C-1-L produced fewer but larger bolls. The T39C-1-L × Stoneville 825 F₁ showed specific combining ability effects for high yield, seeds per boll, and earliness.

Wilson, F. D. 1991. Twenty years of HPR -- progress, problems, prognostications. p. 42-544 in D. J. Herber and D. Richter (eds.) Proc. Beltwide Cotton Res. Conf. 8-12 Jan. 1991, San Antonio, TX. National Cotton Counc., Memphis, TN. A review of the 20-year history of host-plant resistance research at the Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona. Progress: the best germplasm line required 41 percent less insecticide to control pink bollworm (PBW), yielded 12 percent more lint, and was significantly earlier than the control cultivar. Problems: personnel decisions led to different plant breeder/entomologist relations; the best arrangement was when both partners made joint decisions concerning the direction of the research. Prognostications: new, highly resistant germplasm developed by private industry using genetic engineering methods, and improved technologies in other areas of biological control of PBW suggest that the HPR research can focus more on other insects and less on PBW.

Wilson, F. D. 1992. Registration of eight cotton germplasm lines with pink bollworm resistance. Crop Sci. 32: 288-289. Eight germplasm lines were registered which carry various combinations of nectariless, semi- smoothleaf, and okra leaf in improved agronomic backgrounds.

Wilson, F. D. and J. K. Brown. 1991. Inheritance of resistance to cotton leaf crumple virus in cotton. J. Hered. 82: 508-509. Deltapine 90, highly susceptible to cotton leaf crumple virus, was crossed with Cedix, highly resistant. Seedlings of parents, F₁, F₂, and backcross hybrids were exposed to viruliferous whiteflies in a greenhouse, then transplanted to the field and scored for virus symptoms. Factors controlling symptom expression were inherited as duplicate factors. The severe symptom phenotype (genotype c₁c₁ c₂c₂) was recessive to the asymptomatic phenotype (genotypes C_{1_}C_{2_}).

Wilson, F. D., J. K. Brown, and G. D. Butler, Jr. 1989. Reaction of cotton cultivars and lines to cotton leaf crumple virus. J. Ariz.-Nev. Acad. Sci. 23: 7-10. The widely grown cultivars Deltapine 61 and Deltapine 90 are highly susceptible to infection by the cotton leaf crumple virus, vectored by the sweetpotato whitefly. A cultivar from El Salvador, Cedix, is highly resistant. Nineteen lines from a resistance breeding project in Nicaragua showed highly variable responses.

Wilson, F. D., H. M. Flint, L. A. Bariola, and C. C. Chu. 1991. Reduction in insecticide use associated with cotton resistant to pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 31: 363-366. At two locations over three seasons, the mean number of insecticide applications for pink bollworm control was 41 percent lower for the nectariless, okra-leaf, early-maturing WC-12NL than for the nectaried, normal-leaf, full-season Deltapine 61. First and last insecticide application dates averaged 21 days later and 10 days earlier for WC-12NL. WC-12NL had less pink bollworm damage, yielded more lint, was earlier, but had inferior fiber properties when compared with Deltapine 61.

Wilson, F. D., H. M. Flint, W. R. Deaton, D. A. Fischhoff, F. J. Perlak, T. A. Armstrong, R. L. Fuchs, S. A. Berberich, N. J. Parks, and B. R. Stapp. 1992. Resistance of cotton lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink bollworm Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and other insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 1516-1521. In a field experiment at Maricopa, AZ, three transgenic cotton lines containing the Bt toxin gene, had 95 percent fewer rosetted blooms, 99 percent fewer pink bollworm per boll, and 97 percent lower seed damage than did the Coker 312 control cultivar. Cotton leafperforator damage was apparently absent on leaves of the transgenic lines, whereas the control cultivar sustained heavy damage. Leaf feeding damage of saltmarsh caterpillar and beet armyworm was minimal on the transgenic leaves, but leaves of the control cultivar were virtually destroyed. The transgenic lines showed no resistance to nonlepidopterous pest species, an expected result.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1980. Combining ability for agronomic and fiber properties in cotton stocks resistant to pink bollworm. Crop Sci. 20: 563-566. Two cultivars, Deltapine 61 and Stoneville 256, and four pink-bollworm-resistant breeding stocks were evaluated in a diallel cross experiment for 12 agronomic and fiber-property traits. Results suggested that it would be easy to combine the pink-bollworm resistance of Texas 167 with the desirable agronomic and fiber-property traits of the cultivars, but it would probably be more difficult for AET-5, Texas 31, and Texas 55.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1981. Breeding cotton for resistance to pink bollworm. Proc. Beltwide Res. Conf. p. 63-65. Breeding should be easy to combine morphological characters (nectariless, smoothleaf, and okra leaf) and early maturity, each of which imparts some resistance to pink bollworms. Breeding to transfer antixenosis and antibiosis, however, will be more difficult because their detection requires bioassays. [Authors' note: Additional research showed that smoothleaf is not a reliable resistance trait.]

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1981. Breeding potentials of noncultivated cottons. V. Productivity of cultivars, race stocks, and F₁ among them in long- and short-day environments. Crop Sci. 21: 410-414. Twelve primitive race stocks, four upland cultivars, and 24 race stock × cultivar F₁ hybrids were grown in the summer at Phoenix, AZ, and in the winter at Isabela, Puerto Rico. Genetic variability among the hybrids was caused by the race stocks, because the cultivars were very similar. Positive heterosis for F₁ vs. cultivar comparisons was shown by 26 percent of all hybrid/agronomic trait combinations in Puerto Rico and by 9 percent in Arizona.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1981. Lint yield and resistance to pink bollworm in early maturing cotton. Crop Sci. 21: 213-216. Moderately early-maturing cultivars and breeding stocks of upland cotton sustained less pink-bollworm damage and yielded slightly less to substantially more lint by mid-September than full-season cultivars did by mid-October. Very early-maturing cottons sustained the lowest amount of seed damage but had lower yield potentials than the moderately early and full-season cottons.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1982. Effects of okra-leaf, frego-bract, and smoothleaf mutants on pink bollworm damage and agronomic properties of cotton. Crop Sci. 22: 798-801. Seed damage by pink bollworm and 11 agronomic traits were studied in eight isolines of upland cotton, carrying all possible combinations of okra leaf, frego bract, and smoothleaf vs. their normal-leaf and bract equivalents. Okra leaf appears to have value as a pink-bollworm resistant trait, frego bract does not, and smoothleaf must be reevaluated.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1983. Effect of pink bollworm on agronomic properties of resistant and susceptible cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 695-698. The major effect of pink bollworms on a susceptible upland cultivar, Deltapine 61, a resistant upland breeding stock, AET-5, and a susceptible Pima cultivar, Pima S-5, was to damage rather than to destroy seed. Also, most bolls stayed on the plant rather than abscising. Agronomic properties were much less affected in untreated, as compared to insecticide treated plants of the resistant AET-5 than of the two susceptible cultivars.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1983. A genetic and breeding study of pink bollworm resistance and agronomic properties in cotton. Crop Sci. 23: 1-4. Pink bollworm resistance and high lint percentage of the upland breeding stock, AET-5, when crossed with a nectariless advanced breeding stock, 24-8 ne, showed high narrow-sense heritabilities; gene action was primarily additive.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1984. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae): Selecting for antibiosis in artificially and naturally infested cotton plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 720-724. Seven primitive race stocks, a susceptible cultivar, and a resistant upland breeding stock, were infested artificially with pink bollworm eggs, and also allowed to become infested naturally. Texas 39 was variable in its resistance and was separated into susceptible and resistant lines. T39C-1-L, a resistant line, had significantly less seed damage than T39C-1-H, a susceptible line, and also less than the susceptible cultivar Deltapine 61 in both artificially and naturally infested plots.

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1985. Innovations in the x-ray technique of evaluating cotton germplasm for resistance to pink bollworm. USDA-ARS-40. The innovations reduced the amount of time required to process seed samples for x-raying by 57 percent (5.6 vs. 12.9 minutes per sample).

Wilson, F. D. and B. W. George. 1986. Smoothleaf and hirsute cottons: response to insect pests and yield in Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 229-232. Smoothleaf (T^sm₁ = Sm₂) isolines did not differ significantly than hirsute isolines in susceptibility to pink bollworm or cotton leafperforator. They were, however, more susceptible to Lygus hesperus and tended to yield less seedcotton. The semi-smoothleaf 'Deltapine 16' (T₃ = Sm₃) did not differ in pink bollworm damage, but had less lygus damage and more cotton leafperforator damage than did its smoothleaf isoline.

Wilson, F. D., B. W. George, and H. M. Flint. 1985. Progress in transferring resistance to pink bollworm into nectariless cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. p. 386-388. Eight of 14 nectariless backcross progenies, with several cotton cultivars as recurrent parents and the resistant AET-5 as the donor parent, had no more seed damage than AET-5 and compared favorably in lint yield and other agronomic properties with the cultivars.

Wilson, F. D., B. W. George, K. E. Fry, J. L. Szaro, T. J. Henneberry, and T. E. Clayton. 1986. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae): Egg hatch, larval success, pupal, and adult survival on okra-leaf and normal-leaf cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 1671-1675. Pink bollworm oviposition was no different, but fewer larvae penetrated the bolls of Stoneville 7A okra leaf than of the normal-leaf Stoneville 7A cultivar. Boll temperatures were higher on the okra-leaf line, but not enough higher to account for the reduced larval penetration. In other experiments, higher boll or soil- surface temperatures did not result in higher insect mortality.

Wilson, F. D., B. W. George, and Jayne L. Szaro. 1984. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae): Oviposition and larval success on resistant and susceptible cotton plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 709-714. The resistance of AET-5 to pink bollworms was caused mainly by lower oviposition but also by lower penetration of the larvae into the bolls of this cotton than into those of the susceptible cultivar, Deltapine 61.

Wilson, F. D., B. W. George, and R. L. Wilson. 1981. Screening cotton for resistance to pink bollworm. USDA-ARS-ARM-W-22. A list of cotton (G. hirsutum and G. barbadense) cultivars, breeding stocks, and primitive race stocks that showed resistance to pink bollworms in diet bioassays, and in greenhouse and field trials in Arizona and Puerto Rico.

Wilson, F. D. and R. L. Shepherd. 1987. Plant pubescence, genetic background, and seasonal effects on agronomic and fiber properties of upland cotton. Crop Sci. 27: 865-868. 1981 and 1982 results showed that no agronomic or fiber-property deficiencies were associated consistently with the smoothleaf trait, in comparisons of eight smoothleaf lines and their hirsute cultivars. In 1983, however, the two smoothleaf lines selected from the earlier experiments yielded significantly less lint than their hirsute counterparts, because of fewer bolls per plant and less lint per seed.

Wilson, F. D. and C. R. Smith, Jr. 1992. Behavior and survival of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on bolls of resistant and susceptible cotton lines. J. Agric. Entomol. 9: 165-173. Neonate larvae of pink bollworm (PBW) were placed on bolls of T39C-1-L, a resistant line; T39C-1-H, a susceptible sibling line; and Deltapine 90, a control cultivar. T39C-1-L had fewer PBW entrance holes and shorter internal carpel-wall mines than did T39C-1-H, but both had more than did Deltapine 90. Larval response to bolls of different ages (12 to 30 days) was similar in all three entries. After neonate larvae had been placed on artificial diet, moth emergence was lowest on T39C-1-L carpel-wall diet, but also lower on carpel-wall diet of T39C-1-H than on control, seed, or lint diets of the two lines. After T39C-1-L carpels had been extracted sequentially with methylene chloride and ethanol, moth emergence was lower on diets to which the extracts had been added than on the control diet.

Wilson, F. D. and B. R. Stapp. 1984. Crossing success in cotton in Arizona as affected by irrigation, time of emasculation, and number of flowers pollinated. Agron. J. 76: 457-460. Retention of crossed bolls is low when cotton plants are exposed to the high temperatures and water deficits encountered commonly in irrigated desert regions. In this study: (1) crosses made the first week of a biweekly irrigation cycle yielded almost as much hybrid seed as those made for the entire two weeks; (2) flowers emasculated even as early as 0200 on the day of pollination led to some self-contamination; and (3) seed yield loss would not have been severe even if a shortage of pollen forced us to pollinate as many as 30 pistillate flowers with one staminate flower.

Wilson, F. D. and B. R. Stapp. 1985. Emasculation and pollination studies on upland cotton flowers. J. Ariz.-Nev. Acad. Sci. 20: 107-109. Boll set from severely emasculated flowers of upland cotton (calyx, corolla, and staminal column removed) was 84 percent, not significantly different than that from minimally emasculated flowers (corolla slit, anthers removed; 75 percent), from selfed flowers (81 percent), or open-pollinated flowers (84 percent). Boll set decreased to 6 percent when the ovary was damaged. Treating severely emasculated flowers with 30 percent ethanol reduced self contamination from 26 percent to 1 percent, but reduced boll set only from 78 percent to 71 percent, when flowers were emasculated and pollinated the same morning.

Wilson,F.D. and J.L. Szaro. 1984. Comparison of two methods of infesting cotton bolls with pink bollworm eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 277-280. Pink bollworm eggs were suspended in a solution of xanthan gum and pipetted onto cotton bolls using an automatic repeating pipette. This method was as effective as a method of placing 1-cm² egg papers on bolls, and was also more efficient.

Wilson, F. D. and J. L. Szaro. 1988. A rapid field technique for infesting cotton plants with pink bollworm eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 959-962. Pink bollworm eggs were suspended in a 0.05% solution of gum xanthan in distilled water. This suspension was sprayed on cotton plants in the field with the use of a spray apparatus that maintained a constant air pressure through the use of an oxygen tank. This new method required 2.5 seconds per boll per person, compared to 21.3 seconds with the use of an automatic repeating pipette. In a replicated field experiment, this method was used to detect 19 of 99 lines that had less pink bollworm damage than the resistant control, AET-5.

Wilson, F. D. and J. L. Szaro. 1989. Behavior of cotton leafperforator (Lepidoptera:Lyonetiidae) on wild and cultivated cotton. J. Ariz.-Nev. Acad. Sci. 23: 45-48. The behavior of cotton leafperforator larvae was studied on the upland cultivar, Deltapine 70, and on Arizona wild cotton, G. thurberi. Under the most natural conditions of our experiments, i. e., free-choice oviposition on intact plants growing in a full-sun environment, the distribution of "horseshoes" (larval resting stage) and later-stage larval feeding holes was virtually the same on Deltapine 70 leaves (81 and 79 percent, respectively, on the lower surface), necessitating practically no migration of post-horseshoe larvae. On Arizona wild cotton, however, 81 percent of the horseshoes, but only 32 percent of the fifth-instar larvae were found on the lower leaf surface, necessitating considerable larval migration.

Wilson, F. D., J. L. Szaro, and B. A. Hefner. 1992. Behavior of pink bollworm larvae (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) on bolls of normal-leaf and okra-leaf cotton isolines under laboratory conditions. J. Agric. Entomol. 9: 55-63. Neonate larvae were placed on bolls of Stoneville 7A, Stoneville 7A okra leaf, Stoneville 213, and Stoneville 213 okra leaf, and behavior was observed for 70 minutes. Fewer larvae penetrated the bolls of Stoneville 7A than of Stoneville 213, and fewer penetrated the bolls of Stoneville 7A okra leaf than of Stoneville 7A. This difference in penetration was not caused by differences in compression strength required to puncture bolls (not different for the four entries) nor by the differences in carpel wall thickness (thinner for Stoneville 7A okra leaf than for Stoneville 7A).

Wilson, F. D., R. L. Wilson, and B. W. George. 1980. Resistance to pink bollworm in breeding stocks of upland cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 73: 502-505. An advanced breeding stock of upland cotton, designated AET-5, consistently showed less seed damage caused by pink bollworm than did control cultivars in Arizona and Puerto Rico.

Wilson, F. D., R. L. Wilson, and B. W. George. 1981. Agronomic and fiber properties of primitive race stocks and hybrids of cotton. USDA-ARS-ARM-W-21. Eleven agronomic and fiber properties measured for 63 primitive race and six agronomic properties for 233 race stocks showed that genes were available to improve every trait in upland cotton except lint percentage and fiber length. Cultivar × race stock F₁ hybrids showed favorable heterosis in 13 percent of the combinations in Arizona, and in 33 percent of the combinations in Puerto Rico.

This bulletin from Regional Project S-77 included researchers from Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. It is being electronically published with the approval of the Directors of the Southern Agricultural Experiment Stations. Under the procedure of cooperative publications, it becomes in effect, a separate publication for each of the cooperating stations listed.

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