P2111 Wildlife Food Planting Guide -- For The Southeast

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Wildlife Food Planting Guide For The Southeast

Revised August 2004

Wildlife require suitable, healthy living areas to survive and increase population numbers. The living areas must provide the food, cover, space, and water needs of different animals. Together, these components create an animal’s habitat. Management of native vegetative species, from forbs (weeds) to mature trees, will impact habitat quality more than any food planting or supplemental efforts. Also, for many wildlife species, especially the ones mentioned in this publication, habitat management must include proper protection and harvest.

This guide has been designed for the Southeast to help landowners, recreation clubs, and hunters better manage populations of white-tailed deer, eastern wild turkey, bobwhite quail, mourning dove, and various species of waterfowl. These same techniques also will benefit many nongame wildlife species.

This guide covers several wildlife habitat and food-planting management techniques. The techniques provide information to increase natural food production, supplement the diets of game species, improve recreation, and to manage populations to meet user objectives. This guide is based on proven wildlife management techniques and ongoing wildlife research and is written to provide information that will help meet recreational and management objectives.

Soil and Vegetation Disturbances

Soil quality determines wildlife habitat and population potential. Soil disturbances, such as timber harvest, disking, mowing, and prescribed burning, can improve wildlife habitat, and, if you do it correctly, can reduce the need for food plantings. However, for the best vegetative habitat diversity and to help in wildlife harvest and viewing, you might want a mixture of both natural vegetation and food plots.

Disking can prepare seedbeds for planting and change the natural composition of plants by removing thicker, undesirable grasses and creating space for more desirable legumes and seed producers. Disking also increases insect production. The best method of disking is “strip disking.” This technique works best with fields (pastures or agricultural) and rights-of-way but may also be used in stands of open timber. The key is to disk strips that are 30 to 50 feet wide to leave similarly undisked strips in between them. Do this alternately across the length of the field or area. You should disk strips every 3 years or so for quail.

Strip disking is excellent for providing nesting and broodrearing habitat, insect production, and important seed (food) production for quail and turkeys. As an example, blackberries, an important food to deer, turkeys, and quail, grow on an average 3-year rotation and can be promoted on a 3-year disking schedule. Aquatic plants (such as maidencane and smartweed), which are important duck foods at certain times, can be encouraged by spring and summer disking in drawndown ponds or marshy areas. Legumes (such as partridge pea, beggarweed, vetches), forbs (such as croton, ragweed), and large seeded grasses can be encouraged with winter-to-spring disking of fields and plots. Always disk on the contour to prevent or to minimize soil erosion.

Mowing is used primarily for the bobwhite quail and wild turkey. Late-winter (February) and late-summer (August) mowing attracts insects that are critical in the diets of juvenile birds. Late-summer mowing of grassy plots and fallow fields can increase nutrient availability of plants by providing fresh, green growth. The highest nutrient availability in grasses is in the first 8 inches of growth. Mowing can also help provide browse for deer.

Prescribed burning is the skillful use of fire to natural fuels, under confinement, to get planned benefits for forest or wildlife. Prescribed burning often is the most economical and beneficial tool in wildlife management. It is also a controversial because of possible landowner liability and smoke management health concerns. Prescribed burning is often used in pine or upland mixed pine hardwood stands to reduce dry fuel hazards, to control hardwood competition, and to prepare sites for replanting of trees. Besides these timber management benefits, wildlife benefits include ground exposure, seed spread, legume spread, hardwood butt sprouts, and growth of nutrient-rich forbs, vines, and browse. Only responsible, trained, experienced persons should do prescribed burning! Report all unattended fires to state forestry personnel.

Landowners must have a burning permit to burn in any state. You can get the permit by contacting the state forestry agency. Also, several states, including Mississippi, have prescribed burn laws that might require training, certification as a burn applicator, and written plans before burning. Although a 1- to 2-year burning cycle is ideal for quail, an average 3- to 5-year burning schedule is best for maintaining habitat diversity for many other game species. A 3- to 5-year burning rotation consists of burning 1/3 to 1/5 of the habitat each year. By doing so, you maintain different plant stages in the habitat, ensuring enough food production and good reproductive, escape, and resting cover.

Here are some safe burning conditions that can bring greatest wildlife benefits:

Burning in January and February, when temperatures are lower than 40 °F.
Burning with wind speeds of 3 to 10 mph.
Burning with a relative humidity of 50 to 70 percent.
Burning at night when the humidity is higher, for safety reasons. (Note: Smoke is harder to manage at night, though.)
Burning with a backfire where possible.

Do not practice any of these during the critical March to August nesting periods for bobwhite quail, turkey, and other ground-nesting species of interest.

The goal is to keep fire between ground level and 18 inches high. Limit burning to fields or stands of pine at least 10 years old. Restrict fire from hardwood stands. Unlike southern yellow pines, the cambium layer of most hardwood species can stand only 120 °F of heat. The best wildlife burn is a patchy or incomplete burn, which will increase habitat diversity.

You can get professional help from state or federal agency wildlife biologists, forestry specialists, and private consultants. Many state forestry agencies will schedule and conduct burns on private lands for a small fee.

Openings

Openings are various-sized areas in the habitat where sunlight reaches the ground. Openings are critical for a variety of species. They provide low growth that attracts insects and provides green forage and other foodstuffs near ground level for deer, quail, turkeys, and other species. Openings can vary in size from a few square feet to many acres. A list of a few different openings might include pastures, agricultural fields, power lines, gas lines, road rights-of-way, and timber harvest areas. For example, turkeys can thrive in forested habitats that have anywhere from 15 to 60 acres of opening per 100 acres of habitat.

These areas naturally provide food and cover for wildlife but can also be controlled or planted to various crops. For example, you can strip plow or mow them and/or plant to foliage, such as bahiagrass or clover that attracts insects. Bobwhite quail and turkeys often nest near these areas, which serve as good sources of food and cover.

Clearcuts (harvest cuts) can be used to create openings and, if planned and harvested properly, can provide diverse habitat edges, excellent cover for nesting, brood rearing, and escape, and lots of nutrient-rich forage/foods. Small, irregularly shaped harvest cuts with streamside management zones (strips of timber left along drains) provide excellent habitat, if these areas are part of a mix of different habitat types. Depending on initial tree spacing and site quality, an area that has been harvest cut might provide good quail habitat for up to 3 to 4 years after replanting. Later in the rotation, if pine is being grown, with proper thinning and burning, these areas can again provide excellent habitat. Best deer browse occurs 2 to 4 years following complete timber harvest, and food and cover benefits can continue for years with proper timber/wildlife management.

Group selection, individual tree selection, thinning, seed tree, and other methods of timber harvest can create small to large openings that can be suitable for planting. These harvests, when paired with other practices, such as burning, can magnify benefits to wildlife species.

White Tailed Deer

Habitat and Food Requirements

The white-tailed deer (doe) has an average home range of at least 1 square mile (640 acres), while mature bucks may range more than 3,000 acres annually. When basic biological needs for white-tailed deer are met on a suitably sized unit of land, deer might be less likely to leave, unless pressured by people, environmental conditions, or other animals. Mature hardwood forests, mixed pine-hardwood forests, pine forests (including managed plantations and natural forest), and open fields are some habitat types useful in helping meet habitat requirements.

The white-tailed deer browses on grass and other plants. It has four stomachs that help digest various foods, making it versatile in its feeding habits. It eats a variety of leaves, twigs, bark, buds of trees and shrubs, plus hard and soft fruits, vines, forbs, lichens, mushrooms, cultivated crops, and some grasses.

As far as nutrition, the two most critical times for white-tailed deer are late summer, when deer population levels are high and food quality is poor, and late winter, when food quality and quantity are low and mast (fruit) from oaks and other trees is scarce. These are times food plots can be good for deer. If at least one percent of an area is planted in food plots, the plots can positively benefit white-tails.

During the spring and early summer, deer browse is high in protein and complex carbohydrates. At this time, weights are increased for winter. Body fat stores are increased during the fall and early winter months with a variety of mast crops, including red and white oak acorns, which are good sources of carbohydrates.

Eastern Wild Turkey

Habitat and Food Requirements

The eastern wild turkey has an average home range of about 1,500 to 3,000 plus acres, with hens having smaller home ranges on average than mature gobblers. It is hard to manage wild turkey populations on small tracts of land, but it can be done. Protection with gates and other ways to control access is critical to managing wild turkey populations.

The ideal habitat for turkey production includes a mixture of intensively managed (thinned and burned) pine plantations, natural pine forest, mixed pine-hardwood forest, mature hardwood forest (upland, bottomland, or creek bottom) for travel and mast production, and properly maintained roadsides and openings for reproductive, broodrearing, and feeding areas.

Openings are an important part of wild turkey habitat, and you will need several small and large permanent openings. A range of 25 to 50 percent of the total area to be managed for wild turkeys should be in small to large, permanent, grassy openings. You can easily manage turkeys, even if timber is your main objective. You can leave a streamside management zone (SMZ) when you harvest timber. SMZ’s can include hardwoods and/or pines left along creeks and drains to protect water quality and to provide travel paths and mast production for wildlife.

Turkeys often use intensively managed plantations that are thinned and burned as production areas (nesting, brood rearing, feeding). You can burn in pine stands as young as 10 years old. You can do commercial thinning early (13 to 17 years) in the rotation. Salvaged pine beetle (bug) spot areas, log loading decks, skid trails, and roadsides provide openings you can maintain in food plantings.

The eastern wild turkey is a strong scratcher and needs a diet of animal and plant matter. During their first 2 weeks of life, turkey poults feed almost entirely on protein-rich insects. After 4 weeks old, they need a diet like those of adults, which feed maily on a wide variety of plant matter (seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, forbs, grasses) and insects. In addition to grassy “bugging” areas, summer and winter food plantings that provide desirable foliage, fruit, and seed production are beneficial. During fall and early winter months, turkeys use mast crops of oaks, pines, and several other fruit-producing trees and shrubs (such as dogwoods and huckleberry).

Bobwhite Quail

Habitat and Food Requirements

The bobwhite quail has an average home range of about 40 acres, but quail might stray from these areas if the habitat doesn’t meet certain requirements. Bobwhites are an easy game bird to manage on smaller tracts of land. Population numbers have been declining over the last 30 years, and the decline has increased over the last 10 years.

Bobwhites are an “edge” and early successional stage species and need a mixed pattern of open ground and weedy/grassy habitat and/or open (thinned and burned) timber. The best basal area (cross sectional square footage of trees on a per acre basis) for quail is a range of 40 to 60 square feet per acre. It is difficult to produce quail long term in short rotation pine pulpwood stands.

Harvest cut areas can provide good habitat and hunting for quail for up to 3 to 4 years after harvest, though. With proper management, these areas might provide good numbers of birds for 5 to 6 years. For sawtimber rotations, thinning, prescribed burning, mowing, and disking are beneficial quail management techniques where timber is the key objective.

The bobwhite quail favors patchy farming techniques where you keep 5-acre and smaller patches of different early successional habitats to include an abundance of brushy fence rows, ditch banks, and strips of open timber separating fields. Loss of suitable habitat because of clean farming techniques, loss of small farming operations, and other changes in land-use patterns have limited bobwhite quail populations.

The most critical factors in quail management include providing the right mix (mosaic) of habitat to meet food, bare ground, and cover needs. Quail will not venture far out into a large, open field to feed because of lack of cover. Neither can they scratch out foods in areas of heavy cover, if the seeds are available. You can ease these situations by mixing habitats and by creating transitional zones in the habitat. A transition is a middle habitat between two types of habitat.

The following are suggestions where transitional zones improve quail habitat:

Build several long fences (preferably wooden, in a criss-crossed pattern) and let them grow up in vegetation. You can enhance this by fertilizing and planting rows of shrub lespedeza, honeysuckle, or muscadine on both sides of the fence row. Leave a buffer strip of 10 to 30 feet on both sides of the fence. You can plant this area to desirable seed-producing plants or perennial grasses that attract insects and can be mowed in late winter. A good substitute for fences would be to push up windrows where cut slash is available.
Let field edges grow up next to wood lines.
Build brush piles in large open fields or harvest cut areas, then let a buffer grow up around the brush pile.
Plant 6 to 10 rows of pines in open fields, bordered by strips of annual reseeding lespedeza or broom sedge.
Leave 30-foot buffer zones between cultivated crops and trees alongside ditch banks, roadsides, or fence rows.

Bobwhite quail, as do wild turkeys, eat animal and plant matter. Quail chick diets are mainly insects for the first 2 weeks of life. After about 8 weeks, their diets are more like those of adults. Adult quail diets, although supplemented by insects, are seeds, fruits, acorns, forbs, and grasses/green matter. Food plantings that attract insects and produce green stuff and seeds can be beneficial at all times during the year, especially in late summer, when nesting and brood rearing are complete. In the Southeast, free water is not generally considered critical for bobwhite quail habitat. Although quail will drink available water, they can hold enough water from fruits, dew on foliage, and insects to meet their needs.

Numerous wild plants, trees, and shrubs are good food sources for bobwhites. You can produce many of these native plants by seasonal diskings.

Mourning Dove

Habitat and Food Requirements

Mourning doves are migratory game birds that usually migrate through the Southeast from early fall through winter. Even so, many will nest in the Southeast and have habitat requirements that must be met. Doves need “grit” (small bits of gravel and larger grains of sand) in their diets to help grind food in the gizzard. Doves are often seen on sand and graveled roadsides and in gravel pits. Also, a water source (such as a farm pond) is needed within approximately one mile of the food source. Doves are herbivores and are characterized as seed eaters. They feed primarily on the seeds of forbs, grasses, and small grains. Doves prefer to light in areas where the ground is bare and then walk to the food source. A large machine-harvested field attracts doves because of the clean ground and scattered seeds. Doves seek food by sight, prefer clean ground, and will not scratch or dig in the ground for food.

Doves are federally regulated migratory birds, and you should place extreme care and attention on federal and state regulations regarding dove field management. Consultation with wildlife biologists or enforcement officers might help avoid illegal field situations. Normal and acceptable agricultural practices typically have been considered legal dove shooting areas.

It is important to plant summer grain crops no later than June 15, if you want to attract doves to fields for dove shoots in September. Doves are easily attracted to prepared grain fields of at least 10 acres, and larger fields will attract proportionately greater numbers of birds. Planting techniques should use small seed and grain crops such as browntop millet, grain sorghum, corn, and sunflower. Crop production will be maximized if drilled, but broadcasting seeds, followed by light disking and dragging, will produce acceptable results. Harvests of portions of the field beginning 6 to 8 weeks in advance of expected shooting dates and continuing weekly until the shooting date might help hold doves on the field. Waste grain and bare ground are critical to the doves using the field.

Dove fields can easily be overharvested but can be retained by using a harvest schedule. Schedules might include shooting only in afternoon hours, regulating all-day shoots (if legal) to one per week, or stopping shoots at least 1 hour before sunset to allow doves time to feed and water before roosting.

Waterfowl

Habitat and Food Requirements

The mallard and wood duck are two of the most popular species of waterfowl in the Southeast. Both of these ducks are herbivores, are characterized as grazers and seed eaters, and have diverse diets of grasses, forbs, seeds, fruits, acorns, cultivated crops, and aquatic plants. Mallards and wood ducks are further characterized as dabbling ducks or puddle ducks, and feed in shallow water.

Waterfowl are federally regulated, migratory species, and most nest from the northern tier of the United States into Canada. Wood ducks, however, also nest in the Southeast in great numbers, and, unlike most waterfowl (which are ground nesters), use natural tree or man-made cavities. The number of wood ducks can be increased by providing nest boxes around water sources where there are inadequate numbers of natural cavities.

Cover, food, and shallow water are habitat requirements important for waterfowl impoundment management. Farm/beaver ponds and other impoundments of at least 5 acres can be made attractive to waterfowl. Food plantings of corn, Japanese millet, and other small grains planted around the edges and in these impoundments can provide excellent habitat and good hunting. Those trees not producing small acorns and other duck foods can be removed from the pond’s edge to allow seed-producing weeds and grasses to flourish. Water levels where beavers are active can be controlled by using the Clemson drain or similar devices.

One of the best techniques used in waterfowl management is the greentree reservoir. This technique involves constructing a levee in a hardwood drain or bottom (with an adequate water source such as a creek, sizeable watershed, or well) that contains oaks and other small, hard mast-producing trees and shrubs. Water levels are controlled via a structure such as a weir or flashboard riser. The timber is flooded in the fall to an average depth of about 18 inches and often attracts good numbers of dabbling ducks, depending on mast crops. Do not continue flooding longer than 4 to 5 months, to prevent timber damage. Landowners and clubs interested in this technique can receive technical and often material assistance regarding location, permits required, and/or cost estimates from the Natural Resource Conservation Service, Cooperative Extension Service, state wildlife agency, Ducks Unlimited, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Most of these areas are considered wetlands and might require federal and state approvals before development.

Similar techniques can be used with agricultural production areas, pastureland, and with any impoundment that has a water-control structure. These areas can be drained by March 1, and native food production can be promoted by disking and fertilizing the soil, or they can be planted to crops that will tolerate some flooding.

Some wild plants in wet areas or drawndown ponds are beneficial to ducks and might be enhanced by mechanical soil disturbance.

Supplemental Forages

Research indicates clearly that no one particular supplemental forage variety can meet all the needs of any one wildlife species on a year-round basis. However, combining different forages in food plantings, including warm and cool season forages, is an excellent way to maximize benefits of food plantings. Selections of adapted varieties should be based on soil and site characteristics, as well as cost and the wildlife species managed. Experiment with different varieties and planting combinations. Initially, plant small areas to serve as test plots before establishing large acreages.

Soil Quality and Fertilization

Wildlife seek and consume foods that are high in nutrient content. Since plants and animals are by-products of soil quality, determining soil quality and correcting problems in fertility and pH are the first steps in food-plot preparation.

To test soil quality, collect soil samples 3 months before planting. Soil testing kits are available from the Extension Service or Natural Resource Conservation Service. One way to sample soils is to collect a handful of topsoil from 3 to 5 locations throughout the plot. Mix the soil in a container and remove a small sample (handful) to go in a small bag. Label the container with name and address and include the plant variety to be planted in the plot (s). Soil test results can give different NPK and lime (pH) rates for particular plant varieties. Contact the agencies listed for information on analysis of samples.

Planting food plots without proper fertilization and liming wastes time and money and, in most cases, is of little value to wildlife. In addition to fertilizing food plantings, fertilizing native vegetation in fallow fields, along roadsides, fence rows, and wooded areas with scattered openings also has benefits. Honeysuckle, for example, is an excellent wild vine to fertilize for deer forage production. If you cannot get a soil test, for most cereal grains, use a good complete fertilizer with equal amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium applied at the rate of 200 to 400 pounds per acre. NPK is expressed as a number on the fertilizer sack, such as 15-15-15. Most legumes, however, require only low nitrogen levels, such as 6-24-24.

Liming involves applying agricultural lime (if needed) to bring up soil pH to the proper level to maximize growth, yield, fertilizer efficiency, and palatability of food plantings. For slightly acidic soils, applying 2 to 4 tons per acre is generally required to adjust pH to the proper level. Many clovers need a pH of 6.5 to 7.0 to promote reseeding.

Food Plot Size, Shape, and Placement

Match food plot size to the animal species you are managing. The size of food plots can vary from a few square feet to 20 or more acres. Deer, for example, will best use a 1- to 3-acre plot every 100 acres, and quail will best use a 1⁄4- to 1⁄2-acre plot every 15 to 20 acres. Generally, plans should address a percentage of the total area managed and/or controlled to be planted in food plots. Plant at least one percent of the managed area in food plots for deer.

For greatest plant diversity and cover, plant long, narrow plots between two or more types of timber stands. For example, plant a plot between a stand of hardwoods and a stand of pine, between two separate ages of pine stands, or on the edge of a clear cut near the surrounding timber. Planting fruit- and nut-producing trees and shrubs in plots can add diversity and increase wildlife use of these plantings.

Food-planting locations that might not impact timber production very much include wide fire lanes, rights-of-way of gas and power lines, logging roads, old log-loading decks, and small, salvaged spots of timber. You can also overseed permanent roadsides. Do not plant food plots next to public roads, since these plots are too easy to get to. You should control access to plots by gates and fencing placed at least 100 yards inside property boundaries.

Food plantings located near drains, bottomland, or flatwood sites usually are more productive because of soil fertility and topsoil depth. Unless you can reduce soil movement to insignificant levels, don’t locate food plots on steep slopes that might erode. Unless waterfowl is the target species, don’t plant areas that routinely flood. Available sunlight is a major consideration in food-planting placement. Although some plants and shrubs are shade tolerant, most are not.

Preparing Food Plots

Some farm equipment is needed to plant and maintain wildlife food plantings. A tractor large enough to pull 5-foot implements is sufficient in most cases. Useful implements include a heavy-duty mower, disk, broadcaster (seeder), and a planter or drill with at least two rows. Although a row planter or drill is not essential, for most plantings it can be useful in making productive grain plots, and you can use it to plant areas that are level with little soil preparation (low till).

A hand seeder is also useful for planting small-seeded crops, such as clovers, or for seeding remote, wet, or steep areas. Direct seeding can be feasible for small seeded plants and might not require disking or other soil preparation. You can use direct seeding (no till) on roadsides, fire lanes, or other areas with freshly disturbed soils. Roadside food-planting management will provide edges, openings, and food for wildlife, as well as help control erosion of roads and ditches. Disk roadsides only along flat stretches and away from ditches. Fertilize and plant in a desirable grass, legume, or seed-producing plant. Cover with wheat straw or other type mulch to help prevent erosion and to hold seeds in place.

Soil-preparation techniques useful for food plots include fallowing and preparing firm seedbeds. Fallowing builds and maintains soil before planting legumes and is done by letting fields or plots lay out several months before planting. You can disk plots before planting time. To prepare firm seedbeds, let disked plots settle before planting. Usually this happens with one good rain and several days of sunshine. Lightly cover seeds by dragging a piece of railroad iron or a piece of chain link fence behind the seeder. Five tires chained together in a V will also cover seeds and help level plots.

Wildlife Food-Planting Mixtures/Strip Planting

Food plots planted with two or more crops or mixtures provide diverse food and cover and often are used by more wildlife species than a one-crop field. These mixed plots can provide year-round use on smaller acreage. When planted, if one crop does not make, a second or third probably will produce. The better technique used for mixing crops is strip planting. Plant several long strips about 30 to 40 feet wide to alternating crops.

The following plant mixtures work well in a single plot. If you plant them together rather than in strips, there will be some competition.

Mixes	Planting Dates
Deer and Turkey
Forage Cowpeas, Alyce Clover, Joint Vetch	May 1 to June 15
Arrowleaf, Red Clover, Crimson Clover, Ryegrass, Wheat	Sept. 1 to Nov. 1
Regal or Osceola (moist area), Ladino Clover, Ryegrass, Oats	Sept. 1 to Nov. 1
Bobwhite Quail and Mourning Dove
Sunflower, Grain Sorghum, Browntop Millet	April 15 to May 15
Egyptian Wheat, Quailhaven Soybeans	April 15 to June 1
All Species
Corn, Soybeans	April 1 to June 1

The following mixtures contain at least one excellent soil holder, several perennials, annual reseeders, and several good wildlife food plants. They are designed for the least site preparation and are small seeded, so you can distribute them with a hand seeder or a broadcaster and tractor. These are excellent for planting on roadsides, disked fire lanes, or log decks. You should cover plantings with wheat straw and fertilize, if direct seeded, for greatest benefit. Application will be around 60 pounds per acre for the total mix, and the cost will be in the $1 to $1.50 per pound range. Plant large seeded crops first, cut in, then apply small seeded crops (clovers) on top and cover lightly.

These plant mixtures are for minimal site preparation and are small seeded, so you can distribute them with a hand seeder or a broadcaster and tractor.

	Planting Dates
Late-Winter Mix	February to April
Orchard Grass, Korean Lespedeza, Kobe Lespedeza, Ladino Clover, Red Clover, Ryegrass, Alyce Clover (optional)
Late-Spring Mix	May to June
Bermudagrass, Browntop Millet, Buckwheat, Korean Lespedeza, Wildflowers (optional)
Fall Mix	September to November
Orchard Grass, Ladino Clover, Red Clover, Crimson Clover, Ryegrass, Wheat, Nebraska Rye, Meechee Arrowleaf Clover (optional)

Note: Consult a wildlife biologist or local seed dealer before buying prepackaged, high-priced seed mixtures. Check bag contents and prices with several vendors. Seed mixtures can often be customized by a local seed dealer at a much lower price, while maintaining the same or similar contents as prepackaged mixes.

Plant Applications

Cool-season annuals are planted in late summer and early fall to provide forage and seed crops for fall, winter, and spring uses. These often make the best mixtures.

Before planting legumes, inoculate the seeds with a plant-specific packet of inoculum-containing bacteria (rhizobium) that fix nitrogen to the nodules of legume roots and allow nitrogen production and intake by plants. Inoculation of legume seeds will increase production of legumes, decrease fertilizer cost, and build soil quality. Mix the packet with a small amount of water or sugar water, then mix thoroughly with the seed just before planting. Avoid fertilizer contact with inoculated seed, if possible.

Perennial plants will continue to sprout each year after establishment. Some fertilizing and liming are required for continual growth. Periodic competition control, such as mowing or disking, is often needed.

Warm-season annuals are planted in early to late spring to provide forage and seed crops for summer and fall uses.

Planting Materials Guide

Alfalfa

Companion plants: None; do not mix with other plants.
Description: A cool-season perennial legume, widely used by deer and turkey in the spring, summer, and fall. Provides nesting habitat, seeds, insects, and foliage for turkeys.
Fertilization: Soil tests are necessary; generally requires 150 pounds of phosphorus and 300 pounds of potassium per acre.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test or use amounts necessary to bring soil pH to 7.0.
Management: Mowing is required in early spring and late summer to keep shoots green and tender. Apply 75 pounds of (P) and 150 of (K) per acre annually after the first mowing.
Planting dates: September 1 to October 15.
Planting rates: Alfalfa inoculant required. Drill 15 pounds per acre at 1/4 of an inch, or broadcast 18 pounds per acre and cover 1/2 of an inch.
Soil adaptation: Requires fertile, well-drained soils; not suited to heavy clay or wet soils.
Soil preparation: Disk plot in June and leave plot fallow until planting date; redisk and plant in a firm seedbed.
Varieties: Apollo, Vanguard, and Florida 77.

Austrian Winter Peas

Companion plants: Perennial grasses.
Description: A cool-season annual legume. Provides excellent fall, winter, and early spring foliage for deer and turkeys. Seeds mature from May to June.
Fertilization: A soil test is recommended, or use 250 pounds per acre of 0-14-14.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test, or use amounts necessary to maintain a soil pH of 6.0-7.0.
Planting dates: September 1 to November 1.
Planting rates: Vetch inoculant required. Drill 40 pounds per acre at 1/2 of an inch, or broadcast 40 to 60 pounds per acre; cover 1 inch.
Soil adaptation: Better adapted to heavy clay; moderately fertile to fertile soils.
Soil preparation: Plant in a well-disked seedbed.

Bahiagrass

Companion plants: Clovers, winter peas, and annual lespedeza.
Description: A warm-season perennial grass. Used heavily by wild turkeys as a source of insects and choice seeds.
Fertilization: A soil test is recommended, or use 400 pounds per acre of 13-13-13 or 15-15-15.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test or to maintain a soil pH of 5.5-6.0.
Management: Mow in early spring and late summer. Apply 150 pounds per acre of 34-0-0 annually after first mowing.
Planting dates: March 1 to June 1; September 1 to November 1.
Planting rates: Drill 15 pounds per acre at 1/4 of an inch, or broadcast 18 pounds per acre and cover 1/2 of an inch.
Soil adaptation: Well adapted to most soils; best stands are obtained in sandy soils.
Soil preparation: Plant in a firm seedbed.
Varieties: Argentine, Paraguay, Pensacola, and Wilmington.

Barley

Companion plants: Ryegrass, clover, and vetch.
Description: A cool-season, annual small grain. Provides choice seeds for game and nongame birds and choice foliage for deer in early stages of growth. Barley is tolerant to cold weather.
Fertilization: Soil tests are recommended, or use 60 pounds of (N), 80 pounds of (P), and 80 pounds of (K)/acre.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test, or use amounts necessary to maintain a soil pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
Management: (Optimal) Apply 120 to 200 pounds per acre of 34-0-0 in February.
Planting dates: September 1 to November 1.
Planting rates: Drill or broadcast 1.5 bushels or 80 pounds of seeds per acre and cover 1 inch.
Soil adaptation: Adapted to well drained, light textured soils. Does not grow well in poorly drained or heavy clay soils.
Soil preparation: Plant in a well disked seedbed.

Bird's-Foot Trefoil

Companion plants: Ryegrass, clover, and vetch.
Description: A cool-season perennial legume. Mostly planted for quail and turkey. Provides a good source of foliage and insects. Grows to heights of 2 feet.
Fertilization: Soil tests are necessary. Generally, 75 pounds of (P) and 150 pounds of (K) are required.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test or use amounts necessary to maintain a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.0.
Management: Mow in early spring and late summer.
Planting dates: September 1 to October 15.
Planting rates: Inoculation required. Drill or broadcast 12 pounds per acre and cover seed 1/4 of an inch.
Soil adaptation: Most productive in the mountain and Piedmont regions. Adapted to well-drained soils.
Soil preparation: Disk plot in June and leave fallow until planting date. Redisk and plant seeds in a firm seedbed.
Varieties: Fergus, Empire, and Viking.

Buckwheat

Companion plants: Sunflower, millets, and grain sorghum.
Description: A warm-season annual grain. Used by deer, turkeys, waterfowl, quail, and doves. Hard to establish when deer populations are high.
Fertilization: Soil tests are recommended, or use 200-300 pounds per acre of 13-13-13 or 15-15-15.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test, or use amounts necessary to maintain a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.0.
Planting dates: May 1 to June 1.
Planting rates: Drill 30 pounds per acre at 1/4 of an inch, or broadcast 40 pounds per acre and cover 1/2 of an inch.
Soil adaptation: Widely adapted to fertile and infertile soils. Grows best on well-drained sites.
Soil preparation: Plant in a firm seedbed.

Burnett

Companion plants: Clovers.
Description: A warm-season perennial forb planted mainly for quail. This is a small, creeping, seed-producing plant.
Fertilization: A soil test is recommended, or use 150 pounds per acre of 13-13-13 or 15-15-15.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test, or use amounts necessary to maintain a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.0.
Planting dates: March 1 to May 1.
Planting rates: Drill 4 pounds per acre at 1/4 of an inch or broadcast 6 pounds per acre and cover 1/4 of an inch.
Soil adaptation: Requires fertile, well-drained upland soils.
Soil preparation: Plant in a firm seedbed.

Puna Chickory

Companion plants: Oats, Crimson, or Ladino clover
Description: Perennial herb; a member of the lettuce family. Selected for high yields in New Zealand. Planted in the fall, grows slowly until spring, then grows rapidly until it blooms in late summer. May last up to 3 years.
Fertilization: Soil tests are recommended, or use 50 units of nitrogen fertilizer every month.
Lime requirements: Apply according to soil test, or use amounts necessary to maintain a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.0.
Management: When stand declines, reseed in fall and cover lightly.
Planting dates: August 15 to October 31.
Planting rates: Plant 5 to 6 pounds per acre, and cover 1/4 of an inch.
Soil adaptation: Prefers well-drained site with good water-holding capacity.
Soil preparation: Plant in a firm, smooth seedbed prepared by plowing and dragging. Broadcast seed and cover lightly.

Companion Plants: Other drought-resistant warm-season legumes; millet, corn, and sorghum.
Description: Very drought tolerant, fast growing, erect, warm-season legume that is weakly perennial and does not readily reseed. Used widely in south Texas. Highly preferred by deer.
Fertilization: Soil tests are recommended, or use 300 pounds per acre of 0-20-20.
Lime requirements

Wildlife Food Planting Guide For The Southeast

Soil and Vegetation Disturbances

Openings

White Tailed Deer

Habitat and Food Requirements

Eastern Wild Turkey

Habitat and Food Requirements

Bobwhite Quail

Habitat and Food Requirements

Mourning Dove

Habitat and Food Requirements

Waterfowl

Habitat and Food Requirements

Supplemental Forages

Soil Quality and Fertilization

Food Plot Size, Shape, and Placement

Preparing Food Plots

Wildlife Food-Planting Mixtures/Strip Planting

Mixes

Planting Dates

Planting Dates

Plant Applications

Planting Materials Guide

Alfalfa

Austrian Winter Peas

Bahiagrass

Barley

Bird's-Foot Trefoil

Buckwheat

Burnett

Puna Chickory

Chufa

Alyce Clover

Arrowleaf Clover

Ball Clover

Crimson Clover

Red Clover

Subterranean Clover

Ladino Clover/White Clover

White Dutch Clover

Corn

Cowpeas

Dallisgrass

Egyptian Wheat

Elbon Rye

Grain Sorghum

Lab Lab