Agronomy Notes
September, 2004
FALL RYEGRASS TIPS
By Richard Watson
September is upon us after a summer that has offered its fair share of problems. After two successive wet summers, the majority of the hay put up in Mississippi is likely to be lacking in the nutritional quality required to carry our livestock through the winter. This fact makes this fall an even more critical time for planning our forage management to get us through the winter. The late fall/early winter is a transition time in forage production where we generally have a significant gap in our forage growth while the pastures are changing from warm season to cool-season species. During this transition time we try to bridge as much of the forage gap as we can by making our warm season grass last longer, and hoping that our cool season grasses come up sooner. There are a few things we can do to help our annual ryegrass pastures get a good start and help them remain productive through the cool season.
Giving Ryegrass a Good Start
Ryegrass has very good seedling vigor, so we can generally get a good stand if we provide the necessary ingredients for germination. The first priority is achieving seed-soil contact. This is not generally a problem for land that has been cultivated, but may be more challenging where you are overseeding warm-season pastures. Ryegrass can usually be seeded from early September through October, with the earlier seeding generally providing some grazing before winter. However, many warm-season grasses are still growing during this time, which can cause unwanted competition for the ryegrass seedlings. It is important to clip or graze your warm season pastures as close to the ground as possible before overseeding your ryegrass. This will allow some open ground for the seed and remove excess forage that could shade the seedlings. If you really want to get the seed in early then a suppression of the warm-season pasture with a light rate of paraquate may be helpful. Using a drill to pant the seed can also help the germination by improving the seed-soil contact. If you are drilling your seed, be sure to set the seeding depth somewhere between 1/4 and 1/2 inch and use a seeding rate of 20-30 lb/A (35-40 lb/A if using a tetraploid variety). If you are broadcasting the seed then you may need to increase the seeding rate to 35 lb/A.
It also pays to give a 30-50 lb/A dressing of nitrogen (actual N) in early to mid-September (at or soon after seeding) to promote early growth. Another 50 lb/A dressing should be applied in early February to supply spring growth.
Knowing when and for how long to graze new ryegrass pastures is another factor that can affect the productivity of this forage. Generally the first grazing should occur after the plants have reached at least 8 inches tall and the roots are well set in the ground. Grab handfuls of the ryegrass leaves and pull; if the leaves break off without pulling the plant out of the ground then it is safe to graze. Do not graze your ryegrass pastures below 2-3 inches or the regrowth potential will be greatly impaired. In spring you can be a little more aggressive with your grazing (start grazing at 4-6 inches).
Adding clovers to your Ryegrass
Clovers are high protein, high digestibility components of pasture. They also have the added value of being able to fix significant quantities of nitrogen for use by companion grasses. A 20-30% clover stand will fix anywhere from 70-150 lb N/A/year. Nitrogen fixation is directly related to growth. If your clovers are growing well and producing good yields, then the amount of nitrogen being fixed is also likely to be high.
Typically annual clovers, such as Crimson, Arrowleaf, and Berseem clover are seeded with annual ryegrass. These annual clovers have rapid establishment and yield very well in the spring, so they provide a good companion species for annual ryegrass. It is also possible to use ryegrass seeding to introduce perennial clovers, such as white and red clover, to your perennial-based pastures. This is particularly effective where you want to introduce clover to dormant warm-season pastures.
When seeding clovers with annual ryegrass, reduce the seeding rate of the ryegrass down to 15-20 lb/A. The seeding rate for various clovers that can be incorporated with annual ryegrass seedings are shown in Table 1.
Table
1. Clover seeding rates and season of
production. Clover
Species Seeding
rate (with ryegrass) Production
time Arrowleaf
(annual) 5-10
lb/A February-June Crimson
(annual) 20-30
lb/A November-April Berseem
(annual) 10-15
lb/A November-June Ball
(annual) 2-3
lb/A March-early
May Red
(perennial) 6-8
lb/A March-June White
(perennial) 2-3
lb/A October-April
It is likely, even with successful ryegrass establishment that some supplemental hay feeding will be required to ration out the grass and make it last through the winter. I encourage you to get your hay tested to give you some idea what you are feeding and help you determine how much you will need to feed.
Soils and Nutrient Management
By Larry Oldham
Harvest of the 2004 crop is under way, so it's time to think about the next one! Last month we discussed fall as the best time to soil test and apply lime. Mid to late fall is also a good time to consider other aspects of the nutrient management program.
First, if you are not on a regular soil testing program, this is the time to start. Don't think about it, start it! Soil testing is the key to managing about 10% of the cost in producing Mississippi row crops.
If your soil testing program is up to speed and calls for phosphorus or potassium fertilization, your lime program is working, your CEC is greater than 8, your fields are dry, and your cash flow allows it, P and K fertilizers can be applied this fall.
Why do we specify this specific CEC level? Cation Exchange Capacity is a measure of soils ability to hold some nutrients. It also hints about the soil texture. Low CEC soils in Mississippi have relatively higher sand contents; therefore they have less ability to hold positively charged nutrients such as potassium, and less ability to store water. Water goes through the sandy soil, taking with it nutrients not absorbed to the soil particle surfaces. Winters in Mississippi are usually wet, thus potassium applied to sandy soils likely will not be there next year.
Phosphorus has very different chemical properties in soils. It is bound very tightly to soil particles, regardless of when it is applied. There may be issues when soils are flooded extensively after application. More people become aware each growing season that growing corn following rice requires attention because soil phosphorus becomes less available following that extended flood. In 1994, Phosphorus deficiencies were very common in Midwest corn fields that had been affected by the disastrous flooding the previous year.
I have not seen or heard about any problems attributable to fall application of phosphorus in Mississippi. However, historically there may not have been much phosphorus fertilization in the fall, particularly in the Delta.
The information presented above concentrated on row crops, but pasture and forage producers should also pay attention to nutrient management this fall. Soil testing must be done and pay particular attention to potassium needs in hay fields. While the hay produced this year may not be of the best quality, there has been a lot of it.
Hybrid Bermudagrass hay removes 50 or more pounds of potash per ton, and a bahia/Bermuda mixture will remove 35 pounds. So, when yields are high, we are moving a lot of potash out of the soil to other places.
Remember that fall applications work for lime always and for P and K in many situations. Fall and winter application of nitrogen for next summer's crops waste time and money in Mississippi and are very unsound environmentally.
In summary, as always, soil test, lime if you need it, and apply other nutrients if justifiable in your situation.
Rice
By Nathan Buehring
Rice harvesting is underway in many places beginning the last week of August. Since the temperatures for August were well below normal, much of the rice crop has not matured as fast as initially expected. Also, harvesting was delayed in some areas due to wet, cloudy, and humid weather. Rice yields so far, however, have been good and I think this will be an above average year. Right now it appears that the excessive rainfall and cloudy weather that was observed back in June will not affect yields as it did in Louisiana.
Some calls have been received concerning how the cooler temperatures in mid-August will affect their late-planted rice. If the rice was flowering at this time, sterility and seed blanking can be a problem when lows reach near 50°F and highs do not reach 80°F for two consecutive days or more. From an agronomic point of view, there is not much we can do to off set this potential problem. However, I will be monitoring fields that were planted in this time period to see if cooler temperatures during flowering did affect pollination or grain fill.
Growers have also been interested in using sodium chlorate to desicate and dry rice. Sodium chlorate can be beneficial to increase harvesting efficiency on varieties that have a lot of green foliage and to dry high moisture rice in the field. However, there are some keys to being successful when using sodium chlorate: 1) apply sodium chlorate when rice grain is near 25% moisture and 2) harvest within seven days after application or before rice moisture drops below 15%. Rice will need to be harvested in a timely manner following a sodium chlorate application to prevent any reduction in head rice yields. Once rice moisture drops below 15%, rice is subject to rewetting and drying cycles caused by rain or heavy dews, which reduces head rice yields. Sodium chlorate can be an effective tool to assist producers through the harvest season. Producers should exercise caution when using sodium chlorate, especially in unsettling weather patterns, as we have seen this year.
Post-harvest management is a requirement for maximum milling yields. The following are tips to maximize milling yields: 1) avoid leaving high moisture (18-20%) rice on trucks or in combines for more than 24 hrs and low moisture (16-18%) for more than 48 hrs, 2) avoid using high heat (> 90E) and high volumes of air to dry high moisture rice (set temperature to 85 to 90E for rice that is above 15% moisture) 3) avoid placing rice with a moisture difference of 3% in the same bin, 4) avoid placing high moisture rice on top of low moisture rice in the bin. Keeping these key things in mind can result in a high quality crop.
Once again, September is Rice Month. The Annual Rice Luncheon sponsored by Delta Rice Promotions will take place September 17, 2004, from 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. in Cleveland, MS at Delta State University-Walter Sillers Coliseum. To learn more about this event or about Delta Rice Promotions, Inc visit this website: http://members.tecinfo.com/~deltarice/.
Soybeans
By Alan Blaine
Mississippi soybean harvest has progressed extremely well except during the last several days of August. Yields have varied, but as a whole have far exceeded most expectations. Excellent quality can be attributed to better overall stink bug control and wider use of foliar fungicides.
This year's soybean crop will be the highest yielding ever in Mississippi.
Several items need addressing in the coming weeks. First, it will be a long time until a killing frost. If you harvested early, weed emergence and growth will be rampant. The best control will be either tillage or a fall burndown program.
Although Valor has gotten a lot of attention as a residual material, I believe it is too early to get the most from it. The best time for Valor in Mississippi would be mid-November to early December or in the spring.
We observed a major difference in rows versus flat plantings this year. If I could choose only one production practice in the early planting system, it would be a row. It is not feasible on all acreage, but I predict we will see more emphasis on rows and wide beds, which aid in early season growth and development. Simply put, they improve drainage. Poor drainage is our number one nemesis of yields.
It was obvious deep tillage played a significant role in yields this season. Effective deep tillage is much easier following early harvest. To be most effective, it must be done in a dry profile.
If you plan to till, consider a tillage rotation that allows you to spread your work load and takes advantage of the residual effects of tillage.
Research has shown that tillage on certain soil types has carryover effects. The effects of tillage are visible on heavy clay soils tilled one year out of every three to four. The sandier a soil, the more consistent the response to deep tillage. However, for maximum advantage, tillage must not delay planting. Delays are more of a concern for early planting. To avoid these delays, drainage must be adequate.
Deep tillage is not a substitute for irrigation, but it can help the crop during dry weather. Tillage will be of little or no benefit on furrow-irrigated and flood-irrigated fields, but it can help tremendously on most pivot-irrigated fields. Most of the benefit is due to soil type, but the type of irrigation system is a factor, too.
Tillage is not essential on all acres, but it is an option. If you plan to rework land or bed up a field, consider deep tillage before bedding.
With a month and a half to prepare land, consider these: (1) only till where it will help, (2) do not perform deep tillage if it will adversely impact planting date, and (3) improve drainage before considering the first two options.
Take time to open tail ditches so fields drain faster. A row or bed will help, but only if water can get off the lower end of a field. Larger pipes on field ends may be all that is needed to improve drainage.
We know the importance of drainage, but it is often neglected or the last thing considered. Poor drainage continues to be the number one factor affecting yields. This is obvious this year because yields are off some in many better-irrigated (heavy) fields. Typically, they are the most consistent-yielding fields, but mid-June rains had an impact.
Another area we must not overlook is soil fertility. Put something back to continue good yields. Do not guess at soil fertility; pull soil samples. You have time this fall to take care of any deficiencies.
Fertility on the soils (heavy) where we typically grow soybeans is often okay, but in the last two years in the Delta, half the fields in our SMART program have needed maintenance applications of P and K. Although the heavy clays are often higher in fertility and more uniform, they often would benefit from fertilization.
Beans planted on cotton soils especially need attention. These soils are much more variable, and a year like this one will allow you to map soils.
Deficiencies seen in beans were probably there in the other crops (cotton and corn). In addition to P and K, two micronutrients, boron and sulfur, are getting more attention.
Do not overlook soil pH, especially on fresh-cut ground. Irrigation water will increase pH of the soil, but it will not do it overnight nor in one watering. Some lime may be needed to adjust the pH; after that, the crop can take care of itself. I see this problem quite often, but very few farmers apply lime to cut ground.
You have to give to get. It took a long time for deficiencies to surface in the Delta, but depleted soils must be replenished to maintain production.
A final point to consider is crop rotation. Do not get too far from this option. Prices dictate what we do, but try to not grow beans more than two consecutive years if possible. You can go longer, but yields will be more consistent if you rotate crops.
An older gentlemen told me years ago that we can grow only three things without rotating &emdash; cotton, pastures, and pine trees. Think about it!
Soil Testing
By Keith Crouse
Early fall is a good time to improve pastures and hays fields. During the past few weeks we have been receiving soil samples that were cropped for cool season forages. Soil acidity appears to be the major fertility problem for these fields. This can easily be taken care of by applying recommended lime. Most cool season grasses grow best at a pH level above 6.0.
Depending on the crops, approximately 30 lbs of potassium per ton hay removal and potassium removal from a soil could be even higher on the hybrid bermudagrass fields. Potassium roles in plants are: to reduce lodging and increase winter hardiness and disease resistance; increase photosynthesis; carbohydrate metabolism and breakdowns and translocations starches; activate various enzymes; adjust stomatal movement and water relations. Potassium fertilizer may need to be applied to our hay fields and fertilizer recommendations depend on the crop being grown. Therefore, to know what is needed, take a good random soil sample and have it tested.
Remember that you should always take the soil sample from a uniform area that is usually about 10 acres or less in size. Take enough separate cores within the soil area for a representative soil sample. Generally, this is about 15 to 20 cores. Take your soil cores from the surface to plow layer. Mix your soil cores thoroughly. Send a full soil box or a pint of soil, completed form(s) and payment of $ 6.00 per sample.
Cotton
By Tom Barber
The 2004 cotton crop production is drawing to a close. According to the Mississippi Agricultural Statistics Service, 39 percent of the crop has an open boll compared to the five year average of 59 percent. They rate the crop as 9% poor, 23% fair, 48% good and 20% excellent. This crop has experienced some pretty rough environmental conditions over the majority of the state. The excessive amounts of rain in June, along with the cloudy and cooler days, delayed the crop one to two weeks and caused many root system problems. Fruit retention over much of the acres has been poor due to the extreme environmental conditions and continuous pressure from plant bug populations.
As this is written, the only reports of defoliation have been from areas that were highly stressed because of drought conditions and poor root systems. The record cool temperatures in August have delayed the maturity of our top crop about a week and in turn delayed defoliation a week. Defoliation will probably start in full force after Labor Day.
The USDA August crop report indicates that we will pick an average of 800 pounds of lint per acre and harvest approximately 1,080,000 acres. I would be surprised if we pick 1,080,000 acres of cotton and average 800 pounds of lint. I think the 800 pound average is a little high. We have some surprisingly good cotton across the state and some of the bad cotton has turned around, but I don't think we will be able to average 800 pounds. However, if we can get some good harvest weather and dodge the tropical storms then we may be able to achieve a 700 to 750 pound average.
Boll Counting
Generally speaking, counting bolls can provide you with a pretty good estimate of the number of bolls per acre in a field and not much else. Using boll counts to estimate yield can be vague at best. As a rough rule, it takes about 127,000 - 128,000 4.5 gram (seed cotton) bolls to produce a bale of cotton. That is at 38% turn out and no consideration for harvest efficiency. More realistically, you are looking at about 150,000 bolls being required to produce a bale of lint. This may vary from variety to variety, from field to field, and from year to year. Therefore, boll counts are perhaps better than nothing at estimating yield, but not much.
Estimating Yield By Boll Counting
Estimating yield by counting bolls can often be misleading. Variation in boll size, lint percent, future weather conditions, harvest losses and ginning losses can all effect how boll counts relate to final yield. However variable, people associated with cotton will at some point try to use boll counts to estimate production, or make comparisons. To me, a boll count is just that - an estimate of how many bolls per acre a crop contains - nothing more.
The following tables are designed to help you estimate yields using boll counts.
Following are some suggestions for using these tables:
1. Count all harvestable bolls on at least 10 feet of row selected at random in at least four representative locations in the field. Using this data calculate an average number of harvestable bolls per row foot.2. Establish an estimate of boll size. Two suggetions - a) At random, pick all the seedcotton from 50 to 100 bolls representing all boll sizes on the plant. Weigh the composite sample on an accurate scale calibrated in grams. Divide the weight (in grams) by the number of bolls picked and this will give an approximate average boll weight for the field. This calculation should be made for several samples taken to represent the field. b) Pick all the seedcotton from all harvestable bolls on each of ten randomly selected plants and keep an accurate count of all bolls picked. Weigh the composite sample on an accurate scale calibrated in grams. Divide the weight (in grams) by the number of bolls picked and this will give an approximate average boll weight for the field. This calculation should be made for several samples taken to represent the field.
3. Once average boll size and average number of bolls per row foot are established, go to the appropriate table based on expected turnout (33 to 35% is a good average) and determine how many bolls are estimated to be required per row foot to make a 480 pound bale of cotton. To determine estimated yield in bales per acre, divide the number of bolls per row foot counted by the number required per bale from the table.
Example
40 inch rows, average 16 bolls per row foot, average boll weight 3.5 grams (rounded off to the nearest one half gram) and an expected turnout of 35% - Go to Table 3 (for 35% turnout), go to the 40 inch row line, follow across to the 3.5 gram per boll column and you find that 12.5 bolls per row foot are required to press a 480 pound bale of lint per acre. 16 bolls per row foot divided by 12.5 is equal to an estimated yield of 1.3 bales per acre. Note the word estimated is in bold text - this is only an estimate.
Table
1 Calculated
bolls per row foot needed to produce one bale (480#
lint) per acre at various row spacing and boll
weights. Turn
out is assumed to be 40% Row
Width (in) Row-Feet/Ac 5.0
gm / 0.18 oz 4.5
gm / 0.16 oz 4.0
gm / 0.14 oz 3.5
gm / 0.12 oz 3.0
gm / 0.11 oz 2.5
gm / 0.09 oz 2.0
gm / 0.07 oz 50 10454 10.4 11.6 13.0 14.9 17.4 20.8 26.1 40 13068 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.9 13.9 16.7 20.8 38 13756 7.9 8.8 9.9 11.3 13.2 15.8 19.8 36 14520 7.5 8.3 9.4 10.7 12.5 15.0 18.8 32 16335 6.7 7.4 8.3 9.5 11.1 13.3 16.7 30 17424 6.3 6.9 7.8 8.9 10.4 12.5 15.6 20 26136 4.2 4.6 5.2 6.0 6.9 8.3 10.4 15 34848 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.5 5.2 6.3 7.8 10 52272 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.2 5.2
Boll Weight in Grams and Ounces
(seedcotton)
Table
2 Calculated
bolls per row foot needed to produce one bale (480#
lint) per acre at various row spacing and boll
weights. Turn
out is assumed to be 38% Row
Width (in) Row-Feet/Ac 5.0
gm / 0.18 oz 4.5
gm / 0.16 oz 4.0
gm / 0.14 oz 3.5
gm / 0.12 oz 3.0
gm / 0.11 oz 2.5
gm / 0.09 oz 2.0
gm / 0.07 oz 50 10454 11.0 12.2 13.7 15.7 18.3 21.9 27.4 40 13068 8.8 9.8 11.0 12.5 14.6 17.6 21.9 38 13756 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.9 13.9 16.7 20.8 36 14520 7.9 8.8 9.9 11.3 13.2 15.8 19.7 32 16335 7.0 7.8 8.8 10.0 11.7 14.0 17.6 30 17424 6.6 7.3 8.2 9.4 11.0 13.2 16.5 20 26136 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.3 7.3 8.8 11.0 15 34848 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.7 5.5 6.6 8.2 10 52272 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.7 4.4 5.5
Boll Weight in Grams and Ounces
(seedcotton)
Table
3 Calculated
bolls per row foot needed to produce one bale (480#
lint) per acre at various row spacing and boll
weights. Turn
out is assumed to be 35% Row
Width (in) Row-Feet/Ac 5.0
gm / 0.18 oz 4.5
gm / 0.16 oz 4.0
gm / 0.14 oz 3.5
gm / 0.12 oz 3.0
gm / 0.11 oz 2.5
gm / 0.09 oz 2.0
gm / 0.07 oz 50 10454 11.9 13.2 14.9 17.0 19.9 23.8 29.8 40 13068 9.5 10.6 11.9 12.5 15.9 17.6 23.8 38 13756 9.1 10.1 11.3 11.9 15.1 16.7 22.6 36 14520 8.6 9.5 10.7 11.3 14.3 15.8 21.4 32 16335 7.6 8.5 9.5 10.0 12.7 14.0 19.1 30 17424 7.1 7.9 8.9 9.4 11.9 13.2 17.9 20 26136 4.8 5.3 6.0 6.3 7.9 8.8 11.9 15 34848 3.6 4.0 4.5 4.7 6.0 6.6 8.9 10 52272 2.4 2.6 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.4 6.0
Boll Weight in Grams and Ounces
(seedcotton)
Table
4 Calculated
bolls per row foot needed to produce one bale (480#
lint) per acre at various row spacing and boll
weights. Turn
out is assumed to be 33% Row
Width (in) Row-Feet/Ac 5.0
gm / 0.18 oz 4.5
gm / 0.16 oz 4.0
gm / 0.14 oz 3.5
gm / 0.12 oz 3.0
gm / 0.11 oz 2.5
gm / 0.09 oz 2.0
gm / 0.07 oz 50 10454 12.6 14.0 15.8 18.0 21.1 25.3 31.6 40 13068 10.1 11.2 12.6 14.4 16.8 20.2 25.3 38 13756 9.6 10.7 12.0 13.7 16.0 19.2 24.0 36 14520 9.1 10.1 11.4 13.0 15.2 18.2 22.7 32 16335 8.1 9.0 10.1 11.6 13.5 16.2 20.2 30 17424 7.6 8.4 9.5 10.8 12.6 15.2 18.9 20 26136 5.1 5.6 6.3 7.2 8.4 10.1 12.6 15 34848 3.8 4.2 4.7 5.4 6.3 7.6 9.5 10 52272 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.2 5.1 6.3
Boll Weight in Grams and Ounces
(seedcotton)
Table
5 Calculated
bolls per row foot needed to produce one bale (480#
lint) per acre at various row spacing and boll
weights. Turn
out is assumed to be 30% Row
Width (in) Row-Feet/Ac 5.0
gm / 0.18 oz 4.5
gm / 0.16 oz 4.0
gm / 0.14 oz 3.5
gm / 0.12 oz 3.0
gm / 0.11 oz 2.5
gm / 0.09 oz 2.0
gm / 0.07 oz 50 10454 13.9 15.4 17.4 19.9 23.2 27.8 34.7 40 13068 11.1 12.4 13.9 15.9 18.5 22.2 27.8 38 13756 10.6 11.7 13.2 15.1 17.6 21.1 26.4 36 14520 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.3 16.7 20.0 25.0 32 16335 8.9 9.9 11.1 12.7 14.8 17.8 22.2 30 17424 8.3 9.3 10.4 11.9 13.9 16.7 20.8 20 26136 5.6 6.2 6.9 7.9 9.3 11.1 13.9 15 34848 4.2 4.6 5.2 6.0 6.9 8.3 10.4 10 52272 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.6 6.9
Boll Weight in Grams and Ounces
(seedcotton)
Mark Your Calendar
SEPTEMBER 2004
- 14: Soybean Variety Field Day. Dulaney Farms, located on New Africa Road-10 miles south of Clarksdale. Tour begins at 4:00 p.m., followed by a sponsored meal. For more information contact Ann Ruscoe, (662) 624-3070.
OCTOBER 2004
- 5-6: Southern Plant Nutrient Management Conference. The Whispering Woods Hotel and Conference Center, Olive Branch, MS. This year's theme is Secondary Nutrients and Micronutrients for Optimum Nutrition of Southern Crops. National Certified Crop Adviser CEU's will be available to members who attend the meetings. For additional details contact Leo Espinoza, (501) 671-2000.
- 21-22: Fall Grazing School. Prairie Research Unit, Prairie, MS. More details contact Richard Watson, (662) 325-2701.
- 31-November 4: American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Sciences Society of America International Annual Meeting. Seattle, Washington. For additional information visit http://www.asa-cssa-sssa.org/anmeet/.
NOVEMBER 2004
- 3-6: MS Entomology Association Insect Conference. Mississippi State University campus, Bost Extension Center. Contact Michael Williams, (662) 325-2986 for more information.
- 11: MS BCIA Fall Bull Sale. Raymond, MS, Hinds Community College Sales Facility, 12 noon. Contact Jane Parish, (662) 325-7466 for more details.
- 18: MAFES/MSU Production Sale. Starkville, MS, Mississippi Horse Park. For more details contact M.E. Boyd at (662) 325-2802.
DECEMBER 2004
- 8-10: 21st Cotton Short Course. Mississippi State University campus, Bost Extension Center. Contact Emily Rose, (662) 325-2701, more details will follow.
JANUARY 2005
- 4-7: Beltwide Cotton Conferences. New Orleans, LA. For more information visit http://www.cotton.org/beltwide/.
- 24-26: Southern Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Charlotte, NC. Visit http://www.weedscience.msstate.edu/swss/ for more information.
FEBRUARY 2005
- 7-10: Weed Science Society of America Annual Meeting. Honolulu, Hawaii. More details visit http://www.wssa.net/.
- 15-17: Mississippi Crop College (formally Mississippi Professional Continuing Education Workshop). Mississippi State University campus, Bost Extension Center. Contact Emily Rose, (662) 325-2701, more details will follow.
Dr.
Michael Collins, Department Head
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
Box 9555
Mississippi State, MS 39762
(662) 325-2701
