Agronomy Notes

July 10, 2000

Contents

WEED CONTROL

Dr. John Byrd

Youíve just come in for lunch and sit down to eat. Phone rings. ìHello,î you answer before taking a long drink of iced tea.

ìMr. Jones,î says the voice on the other end of the line, ìIím Mr. Snooker. Howís the weather down in Tylertown?î ìBeen hot and dry,î you reply. ìSome of my neighbors had to feed hay earlier this month.î ìAlready, in June?î asks Mr. Snooker. ìBut we started getting a few thundershowers about 2 weeks back, so pastures are beginning to look better,î you continue.

Guess the weeds havenít been much of a problem, then, this summer?î asks Mr. Snooker. ìDry weather didnít seem to affect them, much,î you answer. ìAny problem with weeds along your fence rows?î asks Mr. Snooker. ìTheyíre the worst,î you reply. ìYou name itóhoneysuckle, sassafras, sweetgum, briars, privet. Iíve got ëem all.î

ìToo bad you havenít used our Love Potion Number 9, says Mr. Snooker. We call it Love Potion Number 9 because it kills weeds for 9 years, and farmers love it. Iíd like to send you some to try. In fact, this month, our company, the Potion Chemical Company, is offering farmers in Mississippi a special introductory deal on Love Potion Number 9. One 55-gallon drum, which will cover 5 miles of fence rows, for only $2,860, plus shipping and applicable taxes. We can have it there by next Tuesday. You can have clean fence rows by 2 weeks.î

ìIíve never heard of Love Potion Number 9,î you reply. ìWeíd like for you to show off our product,î Mr. Snooker cuts in. ìThatís the special introductory deal. Weíll send you a free sign to post out by the road so neighbors can see which product you used to clean up those fence rows.î ìThat seems like a lot of money, you reply. What else can you tell me about Love Potion Number 9?î ìIt kills everything, weeds, grass, brush, brambles, small trees,î answers Mr. Snooker. ìWhatís in Love Potion Number 9?î you ask Mr. Snooker. ìIf I told you that, Iíve have to kill you,î Mr. Snooker says laughing. ìJust kidding. Thatís proprietary information. Iíve got names of dozens of farmers that have bought Love Potion Number 9.î ìWhat is the active ingredient?î you ask. ìBang,î says Mr. Snooker. Youíre asking for confidential information. Can I send you a couple of drums?î The story may not be the same in all cases, but each year, many cattle producers in Mississippi get similar calls from people selling herbicides. You need to ask questions before purchasing these products. Better yet, make the seller send you a copy or fax you a copy of the label before you make the purchase. Ask if the product is registered for sale in Mississippi. Ask for the name of the active ingredient and concentration. Donít get snookered for a product that could be purchased locally and more economically. Lastly, remember, there are no herbicides that kill all weeds for several years. Donít be mislead by quick sales pitches.

CORN

Dr. Erick Larson

Corn BorersóThe peak flight of second generation corn borers was expected around July 1. Although pheromone traps are a good timing tool, do not rely on pheromone-trap counts or your neighbor to determine an insect threshold; you need to intensively scout your fields to quantify the infestation. Late-maturing corn will be more likely to sustain corn borer damage than early maturing corn will, because it (late-maturing corn) is more attractive to corn borers (more succulent vegetation) and damage occurs when plants are more susceptible to physiological stress (early grain filling stages). Harvest your heavily infested fields as early as possible so harvest losses (lodging and ear drop) are minimized. IrrigationóIrrigation scheduling normally has a large impact on corn profitability. Potential corn yield can be reduced up to 4 to 8 percent per day because of the water deficit. Thus, delaying irrigation ìuntil Mondayî can quickly reduce yields and evaporate profitability. Peak water and nutrient uptake occurs during a 3- to 4-week period following silking. Corn plants use up to 1.75 inches of water per week during this time, so producers nearly always must supplement rainfall with irrigation to meet crop demand during this extremely critical period. Corn water use will drop to about 1 inch per week at the dent stage and steadily decline until physiological maturity. One common irrigation error is terminating irrigation when the dent stage occurs. Potential kernel weight is only about 75 percent complete at the dent stage. Thus, early termination of irrigation could reduce grain yields as much as 15 to 20 percent; therefore, continue irrigation (while decreasing amount of irrigation) until physiological maturity occurs. When is the crop made? - Corn kernels continue to accumulate seed weight until physiological maturity is reached. Physiological maturity normally occurs about 60 days after silking or 20 days after denting. Hard starch begins forming at the kernel tip when denting occurs. This hard starch layer gradually progresses to the kernel base over the next 20 days. This progression may be checked by squeezing kernels or observing the "milk line" on kernels. This progression is important to irrigation scheduling. The milk line is the border between the bright, clear-yellow color of the seed coat outside the hard starch layer, compared to the milky, dull yellow of the hard dough layer. An abscission layer forms when the hard starch layer reaches the kernel base. Physiological maturity is signified by this black or brown abscission layer that is referred to as the ìblack layer.î This abscission layer cuts off water and dry matter transfer into the kernel. Kernels will have a moisture content of 28 to 35 percent at this stage. The black layer may be found by shelling kernels from an ear and gently scraping away the seed coat to expose the abscission layer. The black layer formation occurs progressively from kernels at the tip of the ear to the base.

GRAIN SORGHUM

Dr. Erick Larson

Sorghum irrigationóGrain sorghum is depends heavily on moisture around the boot stage, which is characterized by the head enclosed in swollen flag leaf sheath, immediately before heading. Grain sorghum water use is maximized from rapid vegetative growth stages through the soft dough stage. Water use during this time typically peaks at about 1.5 inches per week. Water use rapidly declines after the soft dough stage. A furrow-irrigation application just before the boot stage, followed by another at bloom (if needed) should provide nearly the entire yield potential of full irrigation. Center-pivot irrigation systems typically require several applications because total water application is limited (compared to furrow irrigation) by runoff potential.

FORAGE MANAGEMENT DURING A DROUGHT

Dr. Malcolm Broome

Much as last year, a drought appears to be a real possibility this summer. With much of Mississippi well below average on rainfall, pastures will be at least 20 to 30 percent below normal carrying capacity. Using this assumption, livestock producers need to develop a plan that deals with too many animals for the forage available and how best to economically prepare. An obvious answer is to adjust livestock numbers to balance total forage requirements with the forages available whether hay, silage, or grazing. Trying to feed livestock through a long dry period or purchase feedstuffs is certainly an economic loss. Several approaches can be used to reduce forage demand. These approaches include the following: * Use existing forage resources efficiently. With stocking rate lower during a drought, improved grazing management is a must. a) Consider feeding carryover hay, if available, to give a week or 10 daysí time for pasture growth. This could add an additional 10 percent increase in forage for grazing. b) Use cross-fences (temporary, electric) within large pastures to concentrate grazing pressure. Livestock will more completely use whatever forage is available and allow time for the remaining pasture to accumulate more growth. A grazing pressure of three head per acre will work well; however, be sure to move livestock when grass is grazed to about a 3-inch stubble height. Do not overgraze to prevent forage-stand loss, creating bare areas that, even with rain, will be slow to produce quality forage. c) Be aware of any poisonous plants because under drought situations, livestock may eat these plants. Your county Extension agent can help you identify these plants. If you have timberland that can be grazed, plants such as kudzu or honeysuckle are excellent forages and could provide a few extra days of grazing. d) Bale or stockpile extra forage for later use when needed. * Plant summer annual forage grasses such as millets. These plants with limited moisture will provide some grazing or could be harvested for hay or greenchop. Sudan-sorghum hybrids will also grow but may form prussic acid, also called hydrocyanic acid, which can build up to toxic levels. Pearl millet does not produce prussic acid. * Many ryegrass pastures will have an excellent stand of crabgrass to emerge in June as the ryegrass matures. This is also an excellent quality forage that can be managed as a part of the grazing program. * Buy and store hay while it is being baled; this could mean a lower cost plus allows more pasture on your farm for grazing. In most cases a small livestock producer (20 to 30 animals) can purchase hay cheaper than baling his or her own. Because hay could be in short supply, store all the hay you can in a barn or cover with a tarp or plastic hat that is stored outside. Hay stored uncovered outside can easily lose 25 to 50 percent of its value as a foodstuff. * As early as possible in the fall, plan on planting cool-season annuals such as oats. Oats will generally provide the earliest grazing, but risk winter-kill, however, if some moisture is available in September; this risk is worth taking if forage is in short supply. This option will be costly if it fails, so be sure to have enough moisture to get oats up to a stand, and plan to scout regularly for insect problems until cool weather begins. Weather forecast are wrong many times, so maybe this will be one that changes more to the wet side as summer continues; however, it pays to develop contingency plans. If you need assistance with your forage program, contact your county Extension agent.

RICE

Dr. Joe E. Street

Although the rice crop is somewhat behind normal, it is progressing well. There have been no widespread production problems other than rain-delayed planting in some areas, and seedling diseases were a little worse than normal. Much of the early rice has had the midseason application of fertilizer and is growing well. One of the main questions concerns how much rice acreage was planted; this has been a difficult year to assess acreage. I know it is down from last yearís 323,000 acres, but how much it is down is just a guess at this point. Rice seed sales were down as much as 50 percent in some areas, but much of that seed would have been sold to north Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Many growers saved their own seed of the new varieties Cocodrie, Priscilla, and Wells, and thus, seed sales do not reflect the true acreage planted. I have heard acreage reduction predictions as high as 50 percent, but I think that is high. My initial prediction last winter was that acreage would be down at least 20 and could go as high as 30 percent. My current prediction is that Mississippi rice acreage will be down 25 percent from the 1999 levels. I am now conducting my annual acreage survey and will have a better idea of the acreage when the survey is complete. As in 1999, most growers have been satisfied with results from the use of Command. I am not aware of any serious drift problems with Command, so I expect to have the full label for Command use in 2001. I have had several calls concerning the possibility of making a rice crop without the use of Propanil. That seems unnatural, but many growers who used Command have made it to flood without using additional grass control measures. Command should supply 3 to 4 weeks of residual grass control. Most plan to use Storm or Grandstand to get the broadleaf weeds. I have had several calls concerning the Aim label. At this date (6-30-00), Aim is not a legal treatment but the label is expected soon, but as usual, that will be too late for most growers. Aim is good on small broadleaf weeds and will be an excellent follow-up for Command. Aim has no grass activity. In situations where grass was not controlled with preflood herbicides, it is beginning to come through the canopy. If water management is good and you can hold a flood, Ordram or Facet is an option. In situations where the flood is difficult to maintain, postflood Facet is probably the best choice for controlling the large barnyardgrass. Facet will not control sprangletop. If you have a sprangletop problem, Whip 360 is available. To avoid injury from Whip, have at least 3 days of clear weather before the application. Cloudy weather after application is not as important as before the application. Do not apply Whip within 14 days after fertilizer application. If the label is followed, Whip 360 can be used without significant rice injury. We were denied the section 18 exemption for Ricestar (safened Whip) and Regiment, but maybe we will have a label for one or both of these next year. With the rains lately, it has been difficult to apply nitrogen fertilizer to dry soil before flooding. If you cannot apply nitrogen to dry soil, flood the field, and when the flood is established with little water running over the gates, apply 30 pounds of nitrogen per acre (65 pounds of urea) into the flood. Avoid pumping if possible for 2 to 3 days. Apply another 30 pounds of nitrogen into the flood 7 days later and then 45 pounds in another 7 days. This is not the best use of nitrogen but it will minimize losses.

NUTRIENT AND SOIL MANAGEMENT

Dr. Larry Oldham

Increasingly, soil fertility and management are becoming associated with water-quality issues. Soils dominate the landscape adjoining most water bodies, and soil management can directly affect downstream water quality. By commonly accepted definition, almost all agriculture and forestry operations are classified as nonpoint-pollution sources and have not been permitted. Point sources are required to obtain extensive environmental permits. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) are components of the 1972 Clean Water Act and were not addressed significantly until recently. These TMDLs are mechanisms to describe pollutant loads in water bodies from point and nonpoint sources that can allow the body to meet its water quality goal within a margin of error. TMDL's may be determined for many things, but currently, nitrogen, phosphorus, sediment, and chlorophyll A are emphasized. The activity of each in a water may be related to soil management in the watershed. Chlorophyll A is an indicator of algal growth in the water. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in water are related to various water-quality parameters such as algae. Algae grow proportionally to the concentration of orthophosphate (bio-available form of P) in the water and nitrogen also may enhance algal growth. Solid particles entering streams from surrounding land can have several impacts on water quality. The fine sediments from topsoils (clay size particles) have relatively large concentrations of associated nutrients and potentially contain heavy metals or pesticides. Suspended sediment in water reduces light penetration, which in turn affects the type of vegetation growing in the water body. The basic model for TMDL development in a watershed is allocation of a pollutant load from point sources plus an allotment of loads from various land-use categories plus a margin of safety. However, this seemingly simple mathematical procedure is a complex, politically charged issue that has spawned lawsuits from several diverse stakeholders and Congressional hearings. Some strong points need to be made during the current discussions; points include the extensive use of forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs), the role of conservation tillage in keeping sediments and nutrients on the land, more efficient nutrient and pesticide use through precision technology, and the use of nutrient management planning.

SOYBEANS

Dr. Alan Blaine

Until last year, soybeans producers in Mississippi have never observed a widespread problem associated with no-till planting, but once again the problem cropped up. First of all, Mississippi soybean growers experienced a relatively cool planting season. If you recall, it really did not warm up until the first of June. Problems observed included slow, nonuniform emergence, abortion of tap roots, lack of nodulation, erratic plant height, and dead plants. Some of these problems might have been avoided by using tillage or an early burn-down program to destroy plant residue. Although I do not believe tillage is the total answer, growers should consider destroying winter vegetation early to allow it time to break down before planting. Certainly tillage is an option, but an early burn down will help eliminate winter vegetation, allowing soils to warm and dry faster. Destroying vegetation early allows the crop to emerge more uniformly and faster. Secondly, vegetation depleted the soil of moisture (this year), something rarely observed at planting. This lack of moisture contributed to erratic soybean emergence/stands. Some replanting occurred, but in almost every case it was because of the lack of use of proper seed treatment. This yearís season was cooler than normal, and growers probably should never have backed off using an Apron-type material for pythium. Pythium was more prevalent this year, and as minimal a cost as is required to help ensure a successful stand, this is a practice growers should use. There is no substitution for early planting (not even irrigation), and under these conditions, certain seedling diseases are going to be more active. We know what the problem is and just need to give more attention on how to avoid this problem. It appears some areas may have more of a problem with pythium. First, address this problem by increasing use, and then focus on the areas where higher rates might be essential. Additional problems have revolved around two major pests: grasshoppers and three cornered alfalfa hoppers. So far, the problems associated with grasshoppers have been no-till fields. Where a lot of residue and vegetation were present, a ready food source was available until the crop emerged. A good threshold for grasshoppers (early) is unknown. It has been our experience on an early planted crop that if you wait on 35 percent foliage loss, you may never reach threshold because of the rapid addition of tissue this time of year. Look for terminal and stem feeding in addition to percent foliage loss. The grasshopper problem is a carryover from the last few dry years and mild winters. Base your decision to spray on the impact on final stand and numbers present. As grasshoppers grow larger, they become winged and may fly away but that may not occur. Producers have sprayed several fields based on large numbers of grasshoppers and what happened last year. If you need to spray, controlling the initial population will go a long way in helping control populations the rest of the season. Several good options to kill grasshoppers are available; the main factor is to look at your crop because the problem has been erratic. Catching the problem early may allow you to spray just your field borders. Coverage will be a major factor in control. Last year we compared 5-gallon to 10-gallon work, and there was no comparison with the higher volume spray providing almost 90-plus percent control compared to 50 to 60 percent. Remember that in most instances they are not feeding on leaves but on terminals and small axil buds. Many growers have complained about soybeans not growing, the grasshopper is one of the problems observed. Soybeans are rapidly approaching the time for applying the insect growth regulator Dimilin, which has exhibited fungicidal properties. Its parent company is marketing it as a ìyield enhancementî product. Based on observations, we feel it qualifies as all three. To give you a little background on the use of Dimilin. It has probably been evaluated more than any other product but has taken a while to find a niche. In Georgia, specialists recommend that Dimilin plus Boron be applied to every acre of soybeans. The difference between Mississippi and Georgia is that Georgia producers are growing full-season soybeans (VI-VII) and on much coarser soils than those soils found in Mississippi. In Mississippi, Dimilin has been evaluated on soybeans since 1983. In more than 30 tests, a positive yield response was observed more than 90 percent of the time. Dimilin is not for every field, and we feel less comfortable with Group IVís than Group Vís varieties. In last yearís tests, growers obtained approximately a 2-bushel yield response on dryland soybeans and almost a 4-bushel response on irrigated beans. Currently, because of the low input cost and potential increase (although in some cases it is small), we recommend Dimilin on all of our SMART fields. With the recent reduction in price, the cost of material and application are running about $5 per acre. Dimilin has to be used in a preventative fashion to get the full benefits. Although yield increases vary, this product essentially appears to make good soybeans better. The time of application is the R2-R3 growth stage at the rate of 2 ounces per acre. Dimilin has about 3 to 4 weeks residual and will control velvetbean caterpillars, green cloverworms, and cabbage loppers but only suppresses soybean loopers. It will not control stink bugs or bean leaf beetles. You want to get as much residual out of this application as possible, so time of application is important. Group IVS are harder to gauge but most should be ready by late June or early July. The R2 growth stage is when soybeans are in full bloom; R3 is when they have approximately 1/4-inch-long pods. To get the maximum benefit as far as the residual effect is concerned, consider applying toward the later growth stage. To accurately gauge a field, find the uppermost fully expanded trifoliate (leaves fully unrolled). Count this as node 1, and count down to node 5. The time to apply Dimilin is when 50 percent of the fruiting sites at node 5 on more than 50 percent of the plants in a field have 1/4-inch-long pods. Most of the time you will hear about a Dimilin/Boron combination. We have evaluated several options, but currently we feel Boron is not needed on Mississippiís heavy clay soils. The clay soils appear to have sufficient levels of Boron and if applying supplemental irrigation water, Jim Thomas, Extension agricultural engineer and irrigation specialist, reports more than enough Boron is available in 6 inches of supplemental water. Boron improves bloom retention, pod set, and seed development; therefore, an increase in these areas should translate into increased yields. We are going to continue to evaluate this option but data from last year support the fact growers did see a response to Boron on sand and mixed soils. There may be a synergistic response to adding Boronówe just donít know yet, but we are going to continue to evaluate this option. Like any new practice, do not put boron or Dimilin on the entire crop. Put out small amounts and test it yourself; applied as Solubor, boron should go out at 1.25 pounds of product per acre. Scout your crop periodically to head off potential problems. Growers have good looking crops, but certainly have a long way yet to go.

COTTON

Dr. Will McCarty

The Mississippi cotton crop is in the widest array of growth stages for this time of year that I can remember. Entering July our crop ranges from pre-square to near mid-bloom. Dry, windy conditions early slowed some of the cotton but it is developing quite rapidly at this time. Fruit retention has been good thus far and major production problems have been limited. Weed Controló In some fields non-uniform emergence has complicated over-the-top applications of Roundup to Roundup Ready varieties. Monitor crop development and ALWAYS follow label directions. When using hooded sprayers, be sure the spray stays under the hood. Some very effective chemicals can be applied with a hooded sprayer. However, if the hood is being used to apply a directed spray to the base of cotton plants - a material labeled for directed applications must be used. Watch tractor speed, tool bar height, hood bounce, and spray pressure. There have been questions about use of Gramoxone as a directed spray. Gramoxone is labeled for use under the hood, not as a directed spray. Do not apply Gramoxone as a directed spray to cotton. Note: Unless your soils are waterlogged and need aeration, consider not cultivating while laying by. Using a broadcast directed spray will control weeds without disrupting cotton roots or turning up a new crop of weeds. This will also act to conserve moisture. IrrigationóWhere irrigation can be used, implement cultural practices such as sidedress fertilizer application and layby herbicides promptly to clear the way for timely irrigation. Be prepared to begin watering at or about first bloom if needed, and water as needed until open boll. Take all measures to ensure you are ready to start on time. Always consider soil moisture as you time irrigation. Looking at the soil can help prevent getting behind with limited output systems. NAWFó The number of nodes above the first position white flower (NAWF) can be an informative measurement. To take this measurement, count the terminal as zero and count down the plant until you find the node with a first-position white bloom. When cotton begins to bloom, it should have from 8 to 9 nodes above this white bloom. If not, find out why; if it has more, find out why and then correct these problems. This measurement is a relatively good indicator of vegetative horsepower in the plant and can be helpful in management. NAWF will generally be in the 8 to 9 range at first flower and will decrease as the bloom period progresses and boll load increases. As the plant reaches 5 NAWF it would be considered in cut-out. If NAWF is greater than 9 at first bloom it may be an indicator that vegetative growth may be out of control. If this condition exist - find out why. In this investigation consider factors such as - variety, square set, moisture, fertility and weather factors. If excessive vegetative growth looks lie a potential problem the application of a PGR may be in order. Cotton should maintain a NAWF of about 7 through the first 2 weeks of bloom and then drive downward as it approaches cutout. Changes in NAWF during this period may be related to weather or to changes in fruit retention. NAWF can be a good tool in PGR decisions. Study Square RetentionóAlso, look at square retention on the first positions above the white bloom; this should be relatively high, in the range of 90 to 95 percent or more. At minimum, the square set above the WF should be above 80 percent. As the crop progresses, the white bloom will move up the plant and slowly catch up with the terminal until the crop reaches cut-out, which should occur when nodes above the white bloom reach about 4 to 5. As the bloom moves up the plant, keep up with boll retention on the first position of the branches below the white bloom. Considerations in Using PIXóFirst of all, let me say when I mention PIX, I am referring to mepaquat chloride. It is available on the market in several products (PIX-BASF, Mepex-Griffin, Mepachlor-Microflo, etc.). Moisture supply and heat generally result in vigorous growing conditions early season. Plant height may easily exceed 30 inches at early bloom in some fields. Herbicide injury and drainage problems may impact this in many fields most years. Regardless, it is important to monitor and manage plant growth. Growers need adequate vegetative growth to support the soon-to-develop boll load, but if the plant is allowed to run away, it can impact management, especially fruit retention. History of vigorous early season growth and current crop condition may be the major factors in helping select the proper program, or if PIX is needed at all. Several components of a crop monitoring program can help make PIX decisions. One of these is looking at plant vigor measured as inter node lengths (height:node ratio, HNR). Information still needs to be gathered to fine tune this system, but it does have tremendous potential. HNR will vary but should be in the 1.5 to 1.8 range during mid- to late square. If the HNR exceeds 1.8, perhaps PIX is in order if growing conditions are good. If HNR is above 2.0 at first bloom, it is an indication the plant has tremendous vegetative horse power, and plant growth and fruit set must be closely monitored and managed. Another measurement I have been working on is what I call Top-5 Length:Node Ratio (LNR-T5). I think this measurement, along with fruit set and Nodes Above White Flower (NAWF) can be helpful in plant management. Why? Number one, because it is simple and can be measured quickly, thus increasing the likelihood it will be done. Second, the top five internodes represent the area of the plant where the vegetative expansion is occurring. To take this measurement, count the uppermost unfurled main-stem leaf as 0 (zero) and count downward, 1-2-3-4-5. Measure and divide the length by 5. The LNR-T5 is often similar to the HNR but is not effected by earlier growth, but an accurate refection of current growth. At early bloom LNR-T5, perhaps should be in the 1.5-1.8 range. If greater than 1.8 the potential for rapid vegetative growth exist. Monitor NAWF and fruit set and make PIX decisions accordingly. As the NAWF progressively gets smaller, say 6 or 5; the LNR-T5 should also be getting shorter if the plant has an average boll load of about 60 percent retention of first position sites. As fruit retention goes down, the plant will want to grow more vegetatively, and, therefore, the LNR-T5 will increase and the likelihood of a positive response to PIX also increases. If first position boll retention is around 55 to 60 percent and the LNR-T5 is less than 1.5, take a long look at such things as previous PIX used, NAWF, soil moisture, etc., and then make a decision. These measurements are tools and can be a tremendous help when properly measured and applied. Please monitor your fields. Of the measurements discussed - fruit retention and Nodes Above White Flower (NAWF) are the most powerful. If you will keep track of development, you can make informed decisions regarding production practices. Under conditions of good moisture and warm temperatures, cotton will want to produce vegetative growth. If you apply PIX be sure you use a high enough rate to do the job. This year, fewer applications at higher rates may be better than many applications at low rates. As cotton grows bigger, it requires a higher rate, especially if the boll load drops. The more I work with PIX, the more I gravitate to the ìat-bloomî treatment followed by another application 10 to 14 days later. This method has been the most consistent method across the Cotton Belt. Of course, you should make all decisions on a field-by-field basis and based on the needs of the cotton in the field. Avoid automatic treatments.

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